Biology Flashcards
Which enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of proteins?
Protease/pepsin
Where is amylase produced?
The pancreas and the salivary glands
What are proteins broken down into?
Amino acids
Where is bile produced and then stored?
Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
What is the role of bile?
Bile neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats (breaks large fat droplets down into smaller droplets)
What is unique about red blood cells?
Red blood cells do not contain a nucleus and have a biconcave shape. This is to ensure it can carry haemoglobin, which allows it to carry oxygen.
What happens to a person’s heart rate when they exercise? Explain why.
Heart rate increases during exercise. This is to supply the muscles with more oxygen, as they are respiring and using more energy during exercise.
What is cardiac output?
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute
What is stroke volume?
Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one contraction
Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart? And which part of the heart does this blood then enter?
The vena cava carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
What is unique about the pulmonary vein?
It is the only vein to carry oxygenated blood (from the lungs to the left atrium)
What is the name of the large artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body?
Aorta
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
Glucose + carbon dioxide –> water + oxygen
What type of transport occurs when a substance moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Diffusion - this is movement down the concentration gradient
What is the name of the vein that carries blood from the body to the heart? And which chamber of the heart does it enter?
The vena cava carries blood from the rest of the body to the right atrium of the heart
Why does heart rate increase during exercise?
During exercise, muscles are require more energy to move more. To gain this energy, respiration is needed. Oxygen is needed for respiration. Heart rate increases so that blood, containing oxygen, is pumped to the muscles more quickly.
How are red blood cells adapted for their function?
Red blood cells have a biconcave shape, in order to hold more haemoglobin. They also have no nucleus, leaving more space for haemoglobin. Red blood cells are also thin and flexible, so they can fit through tiny capillaries.
What is haemoglobin?
Haemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen. It is carried around the body by red blood cells, so that it can supply the rest of the body with oxygen for respiration.
Which of the following is true about mitosis?
A - It produces 4 daughter cells
B - It is used to produce gametes (sex cells)
C - It produces genetically identical daughter cells
D - It has 2 divisions
Only C is true - mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells.
Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells via 1 division. The cells are used for growth and repair.
Why is meiosis important?
Meiosis produces genetically different sex cells. The maternal and paternal chromosomes are mixed up, ensuring there is genetic variation in the offspring.
Why might mitosis/asexual reproduction be useful in agriculture/farming?
Desirable features (such as good size, ripe fruit) may be selected. It ensures the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
What is the function of white blood cells?
White blood cells form the immune system and fight infection
What is the function of platelets?
Platelets form clots and prevent excess blood loss (e.g. form a scab after a cut). They also prevent the entry of microbes into wounds.
What is the role of the small intestines? Explain what happens in coeliac disease.
The small intestines absorb nutrients.
Coeliac disease is when the small intestines are damaged when someone eats gluten (found in wheat). The small intestines lose their micro-villi and therefore have a smaller surface area to absorb nutrients. This can lead to nutritional deficiencies.
