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GCSE science > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of proteins?

A

Protease/pepsin

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2
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

The pancreas and the salivary glands

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3
Q

What are proteins broken down into?

A

Amino acids

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4
Q

Where is bile produced and then stored?

A

Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

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5
Q

What is the role of bile?

A

Bile neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats (breaks large fat droplets down into smaller droplets)

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6
Q

What is unique about red blood cells?

A

Red blood cells do not contain a nucleus and have a biconcave shape. This is to ensure it can carry haemoglobin, which allows it to carry oxygen.

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7
Q

What happens to a person’s heart rate when they exercise? Explain why.

A

Heart rate increases during exercise. This is to supply the muscles with more oxygen, as they are respiring and using more energy during exercise.

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8
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

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9
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one contraction

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10
Q

Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart? And which part of the heart does this blood then enter?

A

The vena cava carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

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11
Q

What is unique about the pulmonary vein?

A

It is the only vein to carry oxygenated blood (from the lungs to the left atrium)

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12
Q

What is the name of the large artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body?

A

Aorta

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13
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Glucose + carbon dioxide –> water + oxygen

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14
Q

What type of transport occurs when a substance moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?

A

Diffusion - this is movement down the concentration gradient

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15
Q

What is the name of the vein that carries blood from the body to the heart? And which chamber of the heart does it enter?

A

The vena cava carries blood from the rest of the body to the right atrium of the heart

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16
Q

Why does heart rate increase during exercise?

A

During exercise, muscles are require more energy to move more. To gain this energy, respiration is needed. Oxygen is needed for respiration. Heart rate increases so that blood, containing oxygen, is pumped to the muscles more quickly.

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17
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for their function?

A

Red blood cells have a biconcave shape, in order to hold more haemoglobin. They also have no nucleus, leaving more space for haemoglobin. Red blood cells are also thin and flexible, so they can fit through tiny capillaries.

18
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen. It is carried around the body by red blood cells, so that it can supply the rest of the body with oxygen for respiration.

19
Q

Which of the following is true about mitosis?
A - It produces 4 daughter cells
B - It is used to produce gametes (sex cells)
C - It produces genetically identical daughter cells
D - It has 2 divisions

A

Only C is true - mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells.

Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells via 1 division. The cells are used for growth and repair.

20
Q

Why is meiosis important?

A

Meiosis produces genetically different sex cells. The maternal and paternal chromosomes are mixed up, ensuring there is genetic variation in the offspring.

21
Q

Why might mitosis/asexual reproduction be useful in agriculture/farming?

A

Desirable features (such as good size, ripe fruit) may be selected. It ensures the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.

22
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

White blood cells form the immune system and fight infection

23
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Platelets form clots and prevent excess blood loss (e.g. form a scab after a cut). They also prevent the entry of microbes into wounds.

24
Q

What is the role of the small intestines? Explain what happens in coeliac disease.

A

The small intestines absorb nutrients.

Coeliac disease is when the small intestines are damaged when someone eats gluten (found in wheat). The small intestines lose their micro-villi and therefore have a smaller surface area to absorb nutrients. This can lead to nutritional deficiencies.

25
Q

What is the equation linking heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume?

A

Cardiac output = Heart rate x Stroke volume

26
Q

Name 3 features of veins

A

They carry blood from the body back in to the heart
They contain valves to prevent back flow
They have a wider lumen and thinner walls than arteries

27
Q

What is an embryonic stem cell?

A

A stem cell that can differentiate into any other cell type

28
Q

What type of vessel transports mineral ions through a plant?

A

The xylem carries mineral ions and water

phloem carries nutrients

29
Q

What type of transport occurs when a substance moves from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration?

A

Active transport (which requires energy/ATP)

30
Q

How many divisions occur in:

a) meiosis
b) mitosis

A

a) 2

b) 1

31
Q

How many amino acids are in a codon?

A

3 amino acids are in a codon

32
Q

What is the function of microvilli in the small intestines?

A

To increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

33
Q

Describe what happens when someone with heart failure exercises

A

Heart failure means the heart cannot pump as much blood/oxygen around the body
This means on exercise, not enough oxygen reaches the muscles
This results in anaerobic respiration, leading to fatigue and lactic acid build up, which causes cramp

34
Q

Why are fossil records incomplete?

A

Soft tissues decay and do not fossilise
Some fossil remains may be damaged
Not all fossils have been found

35
Q

What pH does pepsin work best at?

A

Pepsin works best at pH 1.5-2 - this is acidic. The stomach is acidic in order to help pepsin to work, as well as to kill bacteria.

36
Q

Describe some disadvantages of cloning

A

Cloning speeds up ageing and leads to early death
Cloning results in a narrow genetic pool, leading to increased susceptibility to disease within a population
Cloning may lead to genetic defects
Cloning is considered ‘playing God’ by some and the long term effects are not yet known

37
Q

What is used to stimulate fusion and cell division in a cloned zygote?

A

An electrical impulse/electric shock

38
Q

In which type of vessels does exchange occur?

A

Exchange occurs in capillaries

39
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

Valves prevent back flow of blood, meaning blood can only flow in one direction

40
Q

Which comes first - translation or transcription?

A

Transcription comes first in protein synthesis

41
Q

What happens in transcription?

A

In transcription, the H-bonds between DNA bases are broken and DNA is used as a template for mRNA to be formed. mRNA then leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore.

GCSE science (3 decks)

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