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HESI-A2 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Protection, communication, and control what goes into & leaves the cell. Made of Phospholipid bilayer ( polar heads; non-polar tails ) w/ proteins and glycoproteins.

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls activity of the cell & holds instructions for replication.

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

semi-fluid that surrounds the cells organelles. Transports chemicals & nutrients within cell.

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4
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Smooth ER- creates & stores steroids & lipids.

Rough ER- major site of synthesis & packaging of proteins; membrane production. Attached to nuclear membrane.

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5
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where protein synthesis happens. Ribosomes read mRNA & use tRNA to help translate a nuclotide sequence to a protein sequence. Either bound on Rough ER or free floating in cytoplasm.

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6
Q

Golgi Apparaus

A

Processes, packages, & ships proteins made by the ribosomes that are bond to the ER ( rough ER ).

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where cellular respiration & energy ( ATP ) production occurs. In eukaryote cells.

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8
Q

Lysosomes

A

Break down or digest cellular waste ( proteins, fats, sugars, nucleic acids ).

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9
Q

Cilia

A

Cells have many, short, cilia all over the outside of the cell. Two types:
Motile- have rhythmic wave motion to help move substances along a surface or canal. i.e. Respiratory tract, middle ear.
Non-motile- does not help move anything; just acts as sensory receptors.

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10
Q

Flagella

A

Cells will have on or two long flagella on the outside of the cell. Help propel cell in liquids.

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11
Q

Vacuoles

A

Through phagocytosis cells uptake food through the membrane, creating a food vacuole.
In plants this is used for storage, waste disposal, protection and hydrolysis.

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12
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Produce cell energy in plants @ site of photosynthesis.

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13
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Uses light to produce sugar ( energy ) for the plant.
- ( 6CO2 + 6H2O —-> C6H12O6 + 6O2 ) chem reaction
_ CO2 paring w/ H2O to form simple sugar and O2.

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14
Q

The Light Reaction

A

Solar energy —> chemical

- Absorb light —> split H2O molecule —> transfer electron —> NADPH & ATP.

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15
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

NADPH & ATP —> sugar ( for plant energy ).

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16
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all physical and chemical reactions in the body that convert or use energy.
- Catalized by enzymes.

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17
Q

Catabolism

A

Series of chemical reactions that breaks larger molecules down into smaller ones.

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18
Q

Anabolism

A

Process of building biomolecules.

- Steroids.

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19
Q

Digestion

A
  • Transport food waste.
  • Break down food by physical & chemical force ( catabolic reaction ) into smaller molecules like carbs, proteins, fats, & vitamins.
  • Absorption of digested food.
  • Eliminate waste.
  • Help body maintain proper amount of water, electrolytes, and nutrients.
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20
Q

Genes

A

Structure and function of the human body.

  • Each human has 46 chromosomes ( 23 pairs; 1 pair is sex chromo. and all others are somatic ). More than ( > ) 100,000 genes on one chromosome. Genetic code transmitted to offspring.
  • Gene is a sequence of nucleotide bases
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21
Q

Genetic code

A

Info for offspring. Translated to mRNA. Protein messages expressed by the sequencing of the DNA determines the characteristics and directs body processes.

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22
Q

Human Genome Project

A

( 1988 ) Identified the sequences of chromosomes ( gene mapping ).

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23
Q

Genetic Variation forms

A
  • Crossing over.
  • Gene linkage.
  • Genetic variation.
  • Independent assortment.
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24
Q

Gametes

A 
Male spermatozoa ( sperm ) & female ova ( eggs ).
   - Sex cells.
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25
Q

Genes are simply _____ of _______ molecule?

A

Segments; DNA

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26
Q

Genome

A

Entire collection of genetic material in each ‘typical’ cell.

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27
Q

When a sperm w/ 23 chromosomes unites w/ an ovum w/ 23 chromosomes a ______ is produced w/ _____ chromosomes?

A

Zygote; 46

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28
Q

The Human genome has ______ chromosomes?

A

46.

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29
Q

Genes tend to lie in _____?

A

Clusters.

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30
Q

Genomics

A

Analysis/study of the genetic code.

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31
Q

Proteomics

A

Analysis/study of the proteins encoded by the genome.

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32
Q

Proteome

A

The entire group of proteins encoded by the human genome.

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33
Q

p-arm of the chromosome

A

Short segment of the chromosome.

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34
Q

q-arm of the chromosome

A

Longer segment of the chromosome.

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35
Q

Ideogram

A

Simple cartoon drawing of a chromosome.

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36
Q

Karyotype

A

Chart arranging the 23 pairs of chromosomes into number pairs of decreasing size.

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37
Q

Alleles

A

Two alternative versions of a gene.

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38
Q

Homozygous

A

Both alleles are the same.

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39
Q

Heterozygous

A

Both alleles are different.

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40
Q

Energy Prymid

A

Producers —> Primary consumers —> Secondary consumers —> Decomposers.

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41
Q

Q : 3 students measured the mass of the product of combustion. They recorded measurements of 5.14, 5.16, 5.17. If the true mass is 5.30; how would you describe the students’ measurements?
- A: Accurate, precise, both, or neither?

A

The students measurements are PRECISE because they were close to the true value; but not accurate because they did not get the 5.30.

42
Q

Cell movement

A

3 types of protein fibers in cell to aide in movement.

43
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Provides structural support and aides in movement.

44
Q

Microfilaments & Intermediate

A

Intracellular movement mostly. Contractions help move cell in ‘worm-like’ manor.

45
Q

Microtubules

A

Extracellular movement. Cilia and flagella are motile structures.

46
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Attractive force b/n cell and desirable environment ( swim until cell finds desirable environment ).

47
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

One cell is contributing to genetic info.

48
Q

Binary Fission

A

Chromosome binds to plasma membrane —> replication —> cell pinches into two identical cells ( asexual reproduction ).

49
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division for all somatic cells ( excluding sex cells ). Cells will only divide in the M plase.

  • Interphase
  • G1 phase
  • S phase
  • G2 phase
  • M phase
50
Q

Interphase of Mitosis

A

Cells are not dividing; DNA replication.

51
Q

G1 phase of Mitosis

A

Check point to make sure DNA is okay.

52
Q

S phase of Mitosis

A

Protein synthesis.

53
Q

G2 phase of Mitosis

A

Second check point to make sure synthesis went okay.

54
Q

M phase of Mitosis

A

Cell division.

  • Prophase
  • Prometaphase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Cytokineses
55
Q

Prophase of Mitosis

A

Chromosomes duplicate. Centrosomes migrate to opposite poles and spindle fibers form.

56
Q

Prometaphase of Mitosis

A

Nuclear membrane disappears, spindle fibers attach to chromosomes, centrosomes react opposite poles.

57
Q

Metaphase of Mitosis

A

Chromosomes line up in center of cell, spindle fibers shorten.

58
Q

Anaphase of Mitosis

A

Chromosomes are split in half and begin to migrate to opposite poles w/ spindle centrosomes.

59
Q

Telophase of Mitosis

A

Chromosomes reach opposite poles and nuclear membrane starts to reform. Cell starts to separate.

60
Q

Cytokineses of Mitosis

A

Cell division occurs; cell pinches into two identical cells.

61
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Two cells contribute to genetic info.

62
Q

____ produces gametes w/ only ______ chromosomes?

A

Meiosis; 23 ( half of parent ).

63
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division of only sex cells. Stages same as mitosis except division ends in 4 haploid unidentical daughter cells; and two stages of M phase.

  • Interphase ( DNA replication)
  • G1
  • S
  • G2
  • M1
  • M2
64
Q

M phase 1 of Meiosis

A

Same stages as mitosis; ends in two unidentical cells w/ sister chromatids.

  • Prophase 1
  • Prometaphase
  • Metaphase 1
  • Anaphase 1
  • Telophase 1
  • Cytokineses 1
65
Q

M phase 2 of Meiosis

A

Same stages as mitosis; ends in four haploid unidentical cells w/ chromosomes.

  • Prophase 2
  • Metaphse 2
  • Anaphase 2
  • Telophase 2
  • Cytokineses 2
66
Q

Crossing over

A

Sister chromatids exchange a copy of the same gene for genetic variation.

67
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger from original DNA helix. mRNA finds a ribosomes then perform translation ( protein synthesis ).

68
Q

Transcription

A

DNA is copied into RNA; RNA synthesis. Produces mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

69
Q

Translation

A

Protein synthesis from mRNA; happens in ribosomes.

70
Q

tRNA

A

Aides mRNA in protein synthesis.

71
Q

Mendel experimented with?

A

Pea plants.

72
Q

Hereditary traits

A

Each human carries the same type of gene ( gene for iris pigment ) but the color won’t be the exact same person to person ( green, blue, brown, or hazel eye color ).

73
Q

Dominant genes

A

Gene is expressed. Represented w/ uppercase letter.

74
Q

Recessive genes

A

Gene might or might not be expressed. Represented w/ lowercase letter.

75
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical characteristics of an individual.

76
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic make up of the individual.

77
Q

Phenotypic ratio

A

Ratio of the physical characteristics possible for an offspring from two parents.
-ex: poss. outcomes for offspring from two parents w/ heterozygous recessive blue eye gene = 3:1 ( imagine punnett square ).

78
Q

Genotypic ratio

A

Ratio of genes that could be present.
-ex: Imagine punnet square for blue eyes both parents heterozygous. So ratio is 1:2:1; because 25% chance of homozygous dominant; 50% chance of heterozygous dominant; 25% chance of homozygous recessive.

79
Q

Scientific Method steps

A
  • Analyze: ask ‘how’ or ‘why’ something works/exists.
  • Hypothesize: form own explanation of ‘how’ or ‘why’.
  • Predict: what would happen based on the hypothesis.
  • Experiment: to see if prediction/hypothesis is correct or not.
80
Q

DNA

A
  • Holds cells genetic info.

- Each base forms hydrogen bond ( A&T, C&G ).

81
Q

DNA replication

A

Happens in the nucleus during Interphase. The enzymes used are helicase, DNA polymerase, primase, and ligase.

82
Q

Helicase

A

First step in DNA replication.

- Unwinds/separates DNA into two strands

83
Q

Primase

A

Primes original DNA stand to replicate and connect with new DNA strand.

84
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Replicates the DNA molecules to build new stands of DNA.

85
Q

Ligase

A

“Glues” the strands together to create the DNA helix.

86
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

87
Q

Osmosis

A

Type of diffusion where large molecules are dissolved in water in order to be passed through the cell membrane.
- Ex : starch molecules must be dissolved since they are they largest molecule.

88
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Water moves across a membrane from a solution of low solute concentration to high concentration.
-Requires active transport.
Also the minimum pressure needed to prevent inward flow of substances across a semi permiable membrane into the cell.

89
Q

Active transport

A

Movement across a membrane that requires ATP; since it is moving against the gradient.

90
Q

What is necessary for cell diffusion?

A

Water.

91
Q

Nucleotide bases for DNA?

A

Adenine & Thymine

Cytosine & Guanine

92
Q

Nucleotide bases for RNA?

A

Adenine & Uracil

Cytosine & Guanine

93
Q

Nucleic Acids

A
  • DNA : contains code for replication & cell function/structure.
  • RNA : used in translation and transcription.
94
Q

Carbs

A

Used for storage, structure and energy.

- Long chain polymer sugars.

95
Q

Micro Papovavirus

A

HPV, genital warts, and genital cancers.

96
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

The solution has a high concentration of solutes than the cell ( more solutes outside cell ). So water moves out of the cell ( following higher about of solutes ) causing it to shrivel.

97
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

The solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell ( more solutes inside cell than outside ). Water moves into the cell causing it to swell and possible burst.

98
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Concentration of solutes is equal inside the cell as outside. So water moves in both directions, maintaining cell size.

99
Q

Inspiration

A

The process of inhalation ( breathing in ) or intake of oxygen. It is an active process where the intercostal muscles will contract ( expanding the lungs ).

100
Q

Expiration

A

The process of exhalation ( breathing out ) carbon dioxide. It is a passive process where the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax.

HESI-A2 (2 decks)

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