Biology Flashcards
What is an amine group?
R-NH2
What is a carboxylic acid group?
R-COOH (C=O)
What is a carbonyl? What two types of carbonyls are there?
- C=O
2. Ketone: R-CO-R (C=O); Aldehyde: R-HCO (C=O)
What is a phosphate group?
-PO4 2-
R-O-PO3 (P=O) (P-O^- times 2)
What is a sulfate group?
(-SO4 -)
R-O-S-O3 (S=O times 2) (S-O^-)
What is a sulfhydryl group?
R-SH
Dehydration reactions do what with monomers and polymers?
They remove a water molecule from two or more monomers to form a polymer
Hydrolysis reactions do what with monomers and polymers?
They add a water molecule to a polymer to release a monomer
What are monosaccharides? Two common types?
Monosaccharides are simple sugars which are either pentoses (5 carbons) or hexoses (6 carbons)
Name important pentoses and their empirical formulae
Ribose (C5 H10 O5) (important to RNA)
Deoxyribose (C5 H10 O4) (important to DNA)
Name the most common hexose:
Glucose (C6 H12 O6)
What are the two forms of glucose? Mechanism for inter conversion?
http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/images/543chairglucose.gif
Glycosidic bond
Bond formed between two sugar molecules by a dehydration reaction (removal of a water molecule)
Three polysaccharides: (branched, unbranched, very branched)
Starch (branched); cellulose (unbranched); glycogen (highly branched)
Chitin
Tough structural polysaccharide found in insects and crustaceans
Triglycerides: what are they made out of, by what process?)
One glycerol (C3O3H8) combines with 3 fatty acids (long hydrocarbon chains of length greater than 2) ending in a carboxyl group (COOH). Formed via dehydration reaction where 3 water molecules are removed and 3 ester linkages are formed.
Phospholipids (difference from triglycerides)
Similar structure to a triglyceride except one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate group with a charged head, hence the polar and nonpolar segments of the phospholipid
Proteins are formed by…
The formation of a peptide bond: the dehydration of a carboxylate group from one amino acid and the amino group from the other amino acid.
