Biology

Question 1

What is an amine group?

Answer 1

R-NH2

Question 2

What is a carboxylic acid group?

Answer 2

R-COOH (C=O)

Question 3

What is a carbonyl? What two types of carbonyls are there?

Answer 3

1. C=O

2. Ketone: R-CO-R (C=O); Aldehyde: R-HCO (C=O)

Question 4

What is a phosphate group?

Answer 4

-PO4 2-

R-O-PO3 (P=O) (P-O^- times 2)

Question 5

What is a sulfate group?

Answer 5

(-SO4 -)

R-O-S-O3 (S=O times 2) (S-O^-)

Question 6

What is a sulfhydryl group?

Answer 6

R-SH

Question 7

Dehydration reactions do what with monomers and polymers?

Answer 7

They remove a water molecule from two or more monomers to form a polymer

Question 8

Hydrolysis reactions do what with monomers and polymers?

Answer 8

They add a water molecule to a polymer to release a monomer

Question 9

What are monosaccharides? Two common types?

Answer 9

Monosaccharides are simple sugars which are either pentoses (5 carbons) or hexoses (6 carbons)

Question 10

Name important pentoses and their empirical formulae

Answer 10

Ribose (C5 H10 O5) (important to RNA)

Deoxyribose (C5 H10 O4) (important to DNA)

Question 11

Name the most common hexose:

Answer 11

Glucose (C6 H12 O6)

Question 12

What are the two forms of glucose? Mechanism for inter conversion?

Answer 12

http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/images/543chairglucose.gif

Question 13

Glycosidic bond

Answer 13

Bond formed between two sugar molecules by a dehydration reaction (removal of a water molecule)

Question 14

Three polysaccharides: (branched, unbranched, very branched)

Answer 14

Starch (branched); cellulose (unbranched); glycogen (highly branched)

Question 15

Chitin

Answer 15

Tough structural polysaccharide found in insects and crustaceans

Question 16

Triglycerides: what are they made out of, by what process?)

Answer 16

One glycerol (C3O3H8) combines with 3 fatty acids (long hydrocarbon chains of length greater than 2) ending in a carboxyl group (COOH). Formed via dehydration reaction where 3 water molecules are removed and 3 ester linkages are formed.

Question 17

Phospholipids (difference from triglycerides)

Answer 17

Similar structure to a triglyceride except one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate group with a charged head, hence the polar and nonpolar segments of the phospholipid

Question 18

Proteins are formed by…

Answer 18

The formation of a peptide bond: the dehydration of a carboxylate group from one amino acid and the amino group from the other amino acid.