Biology Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
What is the cell theory? (3 points)
A
- All living things are made up of 1 or more cell and their products
- The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes
- All cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living matter
2
Q
<p>What is a Prokaryokes type of cell?</p>
A
- Does not contain a nucleus
- And other membrane bound organelle
3
Q
<p>What is a Eukaryoke Type of cell?</p>
A
-Does contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelle
4
Q
<p>Name the parts of an animal cell (12)</p>
A
Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, nucleus, nuclear membrane, nucleur pore, DNA, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, vacuoles, lysosmes, Centrioles
5
Q
<p>Name the parts of a plant cell (13)</p>
A
Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, nucleus, nuclear membrane, nucleur pore, DNA, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, vacuoles, cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole
6
Q
<p>Why do cells divide?</p>
A
so that tissue repair can occur, dead cells must be replaced continuously
7
Q
<p>What must cells do so that an organism can grow?</p>
A
the number of cells must increase
8
Q
<p>what is fundamental in the reproduction of organisms?</p>
A
cell divison
9
Q
<p>What are the 2 major phases to the cell cycle?</p>
A
Mitosis and interphase
10
Q
<p>What happens during interphase?</p>
A
<p>1. Cell energy, growth and repair
2. duplication of the chromatin material occurs in nucleus (which is needed to make chromosomes in mitosis)
3. growth and preparation of the cell mitosis </p>
11
Q
<p>What are the 4 phases of mitosis?</p>
A
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
12
Q
<p>What does mitosis result in?</p>
A
<p>the production of two identical daughter cells with the same DNA </p>
13
Q
<p>Explain the process of prophase</p>
A
<p>1. the chromosomes shorten and thicken into tighter coils
2. the centrioles (in animal cells only) move to opposite ends of the cell, the centrioles from spindle fibres
3. the nucleus and nucleur membrane disappear </p>
14
Q
<p>Explain the process of Metaphase</p>
A
<p>the chromosomes line up and down the equator of the cell (held in place by the spindle fibers </p>
15
Q
<p>Explain the process of anaphase</p>
A
<p>1. the chromosomes divide at their centromeres and begins to move towards opposite poles along the spindle fibers
2. the spindle fibers disappear </p>
16
Q
Explain the process of Telophase
A
- the nucleus and nucleur membrane reappear in each of the daughter cells
- in animal cells cytokinesis (divison in the cytoplasm) occurs by the cell membrane pinching in so that 2 daughter cells are formed. in plant cells cytokinesis occurs by the formation of a cell plate between 2 daughter cells
- the chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin material
17
Q
What is cancer?
A
a broad group of diseases that result in uncontrolled cell growth, mitosis out of control
18
Q
What is a Tumour?
A
a mass of cells that continue to divide and increase in numbers without and obvious function in the body
19
Q
What are the two types of tumours?
A
malignant and benign
20
Q
what is a benign tumour?
A
a tumour that doesnt affect surrounding cells other that physical growing
21
Q
what is a malignant tumour?
A
a tumor that interferes with the functioning of the cells around it, a cancerous tumour
22
Q
What does it mean when a tumour becomes metastatic?
A
the cancer leaves the tumour and starts a secondary tumour elsewhere
23
Q
What are the 3 causes of cancer?
A
- Mutation: random chnages in DNA, very rarely a change might affect the cell cycle
- carcinogen: any environmental factor that causes cancer
- Hereditary: a genetic link means that you are more likely to develop cancer, however that does not guarantee that you will
24
Q
explain cancer diagnoses
A
may use imaging technology such as x-rays, ultra sounds, endoscopy, ct, mri. if the imaging shows abnormalities cell samples are taken to be viewed under a microscope
25
What are the levels of organization in multi cellular animals?
Cell --> Tissue --> Organ --> Organ system --> Organism
26
What does an organ system do?
provides basic life functions in animals eg. musculoskeletal system, respitory system, digestive system. they are made up of organs that work together
27
What are the 4 major types of animal tissue?
1. epitelial tissue
2. connective tissue
3. muscle tissue
4. nerve tissue
28
What are stem cells?
undifferentiated cells that divide to form specialized cells
29
what are the 2 types of stem cells
embryonic: can differentiate into any kind of specialized cell
tissue: exists within a specialized tissue and can only differentiate into specific types of cells
30
What is the digestive system?
an organ system that is responsible for breaking down food for its nutrients and eliminating the waste
31
What is the digestive tract?
the tubular portion of the digestive system that includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus
32
what are the organs in the digestive system(6) and accessory organs (3)
mouth: partially breaks down food
esophagus: food travels through the long tube from mouth the stomach
stomach: uses muscles to churn food and uses acid to break it down more
small intestine: breaks down food even further
large intestine: takes water out of the food before it passes it on to the anus
anus: waste exits the body
//
liver: produces bile (which breaks down fat)
gallbladder: storage of chemicals and bile until they are needed in the small intestine
pancreas: creates insulin to control how much glucose is in the blood - excess glucose is sent to the liver for storage, pancreas also creates enzymes needed to complete digestion
33
What are the 3 major groups of nutrients?
1. Proteins - chemical breakdown at mouth
2. Carbohydrates - chemical breakdown at stomach
3. Fats - chemical breakdown at small intestines
34
what is peristalsis?
it is the wavelike contraction of the smooth muscles along the esophagus
35
What is the respiratory system responsible for?
taking in oxygen and removing co2 from the body
36
what are the parts of the respiratory system?
mouth and nasal cavity: how air enters the nasal cavity
trachea: the windpipe; takes air to the lungs
Larynx: a voice box made by the vocal chords
bronchi: the passage from the trachea to either the left or right lung
bronchioles: smallest air passageways of the respiratory tract
Alveoli: sacs of the lung where the exchange of gas from the atmosphere and the lungs occur
Diaphragm: a sheet of muscle that separates the organs of the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity
37
What happens when you breathe (inhale and exhale)
inhale: muscles contract and rib cage expands, the diaphram flattens allowing air to fill into the lungs
exhale: muscle relax and the rib cage gets smaller, the diaphram expands allowing air to rush out of the lungs
38
What happens with the gas exchange?
- air is inhaled and it moves down the trachea, through the bronchi and bronchioles and finally into the alveoli
- aveoli is supported by the capillaries of the circulatory system
- oxygen is diffused through the walls of the capillaries, diffusion occurs from an area of high oxygen concentration to an area of low oxygen concentration
39
How does the respiratory system remove carbon dioxide
the CO2 diffuses into the alveoli, bronchioli and bronchi, and then exhaled through the mouth and nasal cavities
40
What is the function of the circulatory system?
transporting substances throughout the body:
- nutrients absorbed at the intestines
- oxygen picked up at lungs
- carbon dioxide back to the lungs
- waste substances to the kidneys
41
What does the circulatory system consist of?
Heart, blood, and blood vessels
42
What is blood?
Blood is a connective tissue made up of 4 parts:
1. Red blood cells (RBC)
2. White blood cells (WBC)
3. Platelets
4. Plasma
43
What are red blood cells?
RBC make up half of the blood by volume, they are bright red in colour and have no nucleus, they contain hemoglobin: the protein that picks up oxygen from the lungs and transports it to all cellsin a body and returns the CO2 to the lungs
44
What are White blood Cells?
WBC make up around 1% of the blood by volume, they fight diseases and destroy bacteria and viruses
45
What are platelets?
they are small cells that make up less than 1% of the blood volume, they help blood clot and seal wounds
46
What is plasma?
a protein rich liquid that suspends all types of blood cells, makes up approx. 50% it carries blood cells, dissolved in wastes, nutrients and hormones
47
What is the heart and what is its function?
the heart has 4 chambers 2 upper the atrium and 2 lower the ventricles, a special group of cells in the center of the heart send an electrical signal to the cells in the atrium to contract, the contraction pushes blood into the ventricle which then receives the signal to contract, valves in the heart keep the blood flowing in the right direction (in through the atrium out through the ventricle)
48
What are the Blood vessels? (3 main types)
a system of tubes that carry blood to every cell in the body there are three main types:
1. Arteries
2. Veins
3. Capillaries
49
What are arteries?
arteries are blood vessels that carries blood away from the heart, arteries carry oxygenated (high pressure) blood except for the pulmonary artery
50
What are veins?
veins carry blood back to the heart, veins carry deoxygenated blood, (except for the pulmonary vein)
51
What are the capillaries?
the capillaries are veins furthest from the heart, they have a very thin diameter and allow only 1 blood cell through at a time capillaries link arteries and veins together, the thin walls allow diffusion of oxygen into every cell in the body. they transport both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
52
What is blood circulation?
blood moves through the system in a closed pathway, the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs, deoxygenated blood moves through the pulmonary artery
53
What is the musculoskeletal system?
2 separate systems that work together the skeletal and the muscular. it provides structure support, protection and movement for the body
54
what are the structural features of the skeletal system?
there are 206 bones in the body, bones are made out of cells and a mix of minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and collagen fibers. canals inside the bone contain nerves and blood vessels,
55
What are the functions of the Skeletal System?
Support: provides framework that supports the body
movement: the joints between bones provide movement
Protection
RBC, WBC, and platelets are made in the bone marrow, the skeletal system contains ligaments and cartilage
56
What are Ligaments
tough, elastic connective tissue that holds bones together
57
What is Cartilage?
Protein fibers found in bone marrow, most cartilage is replaced by bone
58
What are the structural features of the muscular system?
there are over 600 muscles in the body, there are 3 types,
Cardiac: found only in the heart
Smooth muscle: found only in the lining of internal organs
Skeletal Muscle: found around the human skeleton
muscles can be voluntary and involuntary. only skeletal muscle is voluntary
59
What is the function of the nervous system?
to sense the environment and and coordinate a response
60
What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?
the central nervous system: consists of brain and spinal cord
the peripheral nervous system: consist of all other nerves in the body that are connected to the CNS
61
What are the 3 groups of neurons in the PNS?
1. nerves that control voluntary muscles
2. nerves that carry information to sensory organs
3. nerves that regulate involuntary functions
62
What are neurons?
it is a specialized cell found in the nervous system
63
What do plants include?
Mosses, Ferns, Conifers (Gymnosperms), and Flowering plants (angiosperms)
64
What makes a plant a plant?
they are green in colour and cannot move as there are structures that hold them in place
65
What are the 2 main body stems to a plant?
1. Shoot Stem
| 2. Root Stem
66
What are a plants life functions
1. Exchange gases with their surroundings
2. Move water and nutrients around their bodies
3. reproduce
67
What does the root system contain
1 or more root
68
what does the shoot system contain?
the stem, leaves, and flowers (which are the equivalent to the organs in organism)
69
What are the 3 different tissues in a plant?
Dermal, Vascular, and Ground
70
What is dermal tissue?
tissue that forms the outer surface of the plant
71
What is vascular tisssue
specialized for water and nutrient transportion
72
Ground Tissue
All other structures within a plant
73
What is the purpose of a root system?
anchor the plant, absorb water and nutrients, store food
74
What kinds of root systems are food?
Sweet potatoes, carrots, ginger, liquorice
75
What is the purpose of the stem?
supports the branches, leaves and flowers. provides a way to transport materials such as water and nutrients
76
What happens hen a seed starts to grow?
the cells divide and differentiate
77
Where are the regions of growth on a plant?
at the tip of the root and at the tip of the shoot, and just below the surface of the stem in plants that contain wood
78
What are the regions of growth on a plant called?
Meristems; they contain meristematic cells that are un-specialized cells into the various tissues
79
What is dermal tissue?
The outermost layer of plant; it contains the epidermis: a thin layer of cells covering the surface of the leaves, stems, and roots. in plants that contain wood the epidermis tissue is replaced by perdium tissue (bark)
80
What is Vascular Tissue?
Form of transportation to move water and minerals around the plant
81
What is Xylem?
A type of vascular tissue, they are elongated dead cells that transport water from the roots to the leaves
82
What is Phloem?
Phloem are living cells that transport sugar and nutrients from the leaves to other parts of the plant
83
what is ground tissue responsible for?
photosynthesis
store carbohydrates in the roots
provide support in stems
84
What is photosynthesis?
the process that makes glucose
| light energy + CO2 + H2O = Glucose + O
85
Why are leaves green?
chlorophyll, the pigment used in photosynthesis
86
Where are the chloroplasts located?
palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll of the leaf
87
What to epidermal cells create?
a waxy substance known as the cuticle, the cuticle keeps the plant from drying out but it prevents gases from entering and exiting the leaf
88
What are stomata
special openings in the cuticle/epidermis that allow for the exchange of gasses
89
What controls the stomata?
guard cells
90
Which is larger xylem or phloem?
Xylem is larger, phloem is smaller
91
What are meristematic cells located near the tip of the shoot or root called?
Apical Meristems
92
What are meristematic cells located near the epidermis of stems?
Lateral Meristems
93
What are the 3 regions in the growing tips of shoots and roots?
1. the meristem zone of cell divison
2) the zone of elongation
3) the zone of maturation
94
Where are apical meristems located?
in the buds at the end of the stem (which can grow into branches)
95
Were are lateral meristems located?
in woody plants
96
What are the 2 cylinders lateral meristems are made of?
1. outer
| 2. inner (vascular cambrian)
