Biology Flashcards
What are the three points that the Cell Theory states?
All living things are made up of 1 or more cells and their products.
The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes.
All cells come from pre-existing cell; they do not come from non-living matter.
Are viruses considered living?
No.
They can not carry out life processes.
They are a protein shell with a strand of DNA.
Viruses on their own can not carry do those processes unless they’re attached to a host that will carry out those processes for them.
Define Prokaryote Cell.
A cell that does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
Examples:
- Bacteria
- Archaea
Define Eukaryote Cell.
A cell that contains a nucleus and other organisms, much surrounded by a thin membrane.
Define Osmosis.
The movement of a fluid, usually water, across a membrane toward an area of high solute concentration.
Define Diffusion.
A transport mechanism for moving chemicals into and out of the cell, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Which three parts are exclusive to plant cells?
(not in animal cells)
- Vacuole
- Cell Wall
- Chloroplasts
What is Cytoplasm?
All organelles inside the cell are suspended in cytoplasm.
It’s mostly water but contains other substances.
Many chemical reactions take place within.
Assists with life processes.
(has many nutrients and can take away waste)
What is the Cell Membrane?
The semi-permeable cell is surrounded by a flexible, double layered cell membrane.
It supports the cell and allows some substances to enter while keeping others out.
What is the Nucleus?
Control Centre
Roughly spherical structure within the cell.
Contains genetic info that controls all cell activities that is stored on chromosomes that carry DNA.
What are Mitochondria?
Power Plant
They make energy available to the cell.
Cells that contain many mitochondria.
The Mitochondria contain enzymes that help convert stored energy into an easily usable form.
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
This process is called Cellular Respiration.
A 3 demensional network of branching tubes and fluid filled pockets.
Extends throughout the cytoplasm and is continuous from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane.
Transports materials such as proteins through the cell.
It assists with production and release of hormones and muscle contraction.
What are Golgi Bodies?
They collect and process materials to be removed from from the cell.
Makes secrete mucus.
What is a Vacuole?
(animal cell)
A single layer of membrane enclosing fluid in a sac.
The functions vary greatly according to the type of cell.
- Containing some substances
- Removing unwanted substances from the cell
- Maintaining internal fluid pressure (turgor) in the cell
- Any waste is ejected from the cell
What is the function of Ribosome?
Produces proteins.
What is the function of the Nuclear Membrane?
Protects the nucleus.
It surrounds it and allows things in but usually just allows things out.
What are the three reasons that cells undergo cell division?
- Growth
Cell size is limited because of diffusion and osmosis. These processes are slow so as a result the larger the cell the more inefficient it will be. As a result to be a larger organism there needs to be more cells.
2. **Repair**
Each day cells are shed or lost because they have died or have been damaged. New cells are formed to replace those cells lost.
3. **Reproduction**
There are two types of reproduction:
-
Asexual
Only 1 parent produces genetically identical offspring. -
Sexual
Two parents produce offspring with a blended genetic code.
How many Chromosomes do humans have?
46.
(23 pairs)
What is Cancer?
Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells grow and divide out of control.
It is the result of change in the DNA that controls the cell cycle.
(Cancerous cells do not stay in interphase for very long)
As cells continue to divide they form a lump called a tumor.
What are Benign Tumours?
Benign Tumours are growths that do no interfere with neighbouring tissue and cells.
What are Malignant Tumours?
Malignant Tumours interfere with surrounding tissue and cells.
(cancerous)
Define Metastasis.
When Malignant Tumours break free and move to a different part of the body.
What are the causes of Cancer?
Cancer is caused by a defect in DNA.
- This can be hereditary.
- Damage can also be from a mutation or change in the DNA.
Label the diagram using the wordbox.
Also mark which parts are accessory organs.
- Mouth
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine
- Rectum
- Anus
- Appendix
- Gall Bladder
Accessory:
- Liver
- Gall Bladder
- Pancreas
Food passes from the Mouth to the pharynx to the Esophagus and then to the Stomach, where the gastric juices break up proteins and other molecules. From the stomach, food passes to the Small Intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into the body’s bloodstream. Undigested material moves into the Large Intestine or colon, where water is resorbed and the residual materials are compacted. This material, known as feces, moves into the Rectum where it is temporarily stored until it passes out of the Anus. Above the stomach is the Liver, which plays many roles in digestion, and nested below the stomach is the Gall Bladder, which secretes many of the digestive enzymes.
Name the parts of the Human Respiratory System using the words below.
Provide a brief breakdown of the happenings of the system.
Upper:
- Nasal Cavity
- Oral Cavity / Mouth
- Epiglottis
- Larynx
- Pharynx
- Trachea
Lower:
- Bronchi
- Bronchiole
- Alveoli
- Diaphragm
- Lung
- Pleura
Inspired air rich in Oxygen enters the body through the Nasal Cavity or Mouth. It passes through the Pharynx and Larynx, or voice box, and into the Trachea. Air then enters each Bronchis, which branches into Bronchioles and finally into the air sacs or Alveoli of the Lung. The lungs are housed in the thorasic cavity bound on the bottom by a thin layer of muscle, the Diaphragm. Each lung is covered by a thin Pleura membrane. In the alveoli, CO² is exchanged for oxygen.
Name the following parts of the Human Heart using the words below.
- Aorta
- Left Pulmonary Artery
- Left Pulmonary Vein
- Left Atrium
- Bicuspid Valve
- Left Ventricle
- Septum
- Right Ventricle
- Inferior Vena Cava
- Semilunar Valves
- Tricuspid Valve
- Right Atrium
- Right Pulmonary Vein
- Right Pulmonary Artery
- Superior Vena Cava
*
Heartbeat
The heat beats regularly because it has its own pacemaker. The pacemaker is a small region of muscle called the sinoatrial, or SA, node. It is in the upper back wall of the right atrium. The SA node triggers an impulse that causes both atria to contract. Very quickly, the impulse reaches the atrioventricular, or AV, node at the bottom of the right atrium. Immediately, the AV node triggers an impulse that causes both ventricles to contract.
