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Biology 4,5 + 6 > Biology 4: The Processes Of Life > Flashcards

Biology 4: The Processes Of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the end product of photosynthesis

A

Glucose

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2
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar

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3
Q

Why is photosynthesis important

A

Photosynthesis plays a vital role in making energy available to organisms through food chains

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4
Q

Respiration

A

Process occurring in living things without oxygen is used to release the energy in foods

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5
Q

How do plants respire

A
  1. At night, plants respire only and give out carbon dioxide. During the day, plants photosynthesise as well as respire. They Will be in Annette output of oxygen
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6
Q

What do you organisms use energy for

A
  1. Organisms use energy for many activities, including movement and producing large molecules required for Growth
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7
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins found in living things to speed up or catalyse reactions

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8
Q

What do enzymes consist of

A
  1. Enzymes are proteins. They consist of long chains of amino acid’s joined together.
  2. Cells assemble enzymes using instructions provided in genes
  3. The chemicals that enzymes work on are called substrates
  4. The chemicals produced in the reaction are called the products
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9
Q

Why is order and types of amino acids important for the enzyme to work

A

The order and types of amino acid in an amino acid in an enzyme give it a complicated three-dimensional shape. This shape is essential for the enzyme to work

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10
Q

Explain why the active site of an enzyme is important

A
  1. Part of the enzyme called the active site has a special shape that the substrate fits neatly into, like a key in a lock
  2. Substrate molecules locked into the active site take part in a chemical reaction, and product molecule(s) are released. This is lock and key model of enzyme action
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11
Q

What are the conditions that enzymes need to survive

A
  1. Enzymes need a specific pH and temperature to work at their optimum. They stop working if the pH is inappropriate or the temperature is too high
  2. The body temperature of mammals and bird is around 37°C. This is the optimum temperature of most enzymes
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12
Q

How does the temperature and the pH affect the enzyme

A
  1. As the temperature is increased, enzyme activity increases because the reaction rate increases
  2. High temperatures change the shape of the active site of the enzyme. At a point where the change in shape is permanent, the enzyme has been denatured
  3. pH also affects enzyme activity by changing the shake of the active site. The change in what can be temporary or permanent (it is denatured)
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13
Q

Amino acids

A

Small molecules from which proteins are built

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14
Q

Substrates

A

The chemicals that enzymes work on

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15
Q

Products

A

Chemicals produced at the end of a chemical reaction.

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16
Q

Active site

A

Part of an enzyme where a substrate can fit neatly into it

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17
Q

What microorganisms is photosynthesis important for

A

Photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that use energy fro sunlight to build large food molecules in plants cells and some microorganisms such as phytoplankton

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18
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water –light energy–> glucose + oxygen

6CO₂ + 6H₂O –light energy–> C₆H₁₂O₆ +6O₂

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19
Q

How is sunlight used by plants

A
  1. Sunlight is absorbed by green chemical chlorophyll which, along with enzymes for photosynthesis, is found in structures in the cell called chloroplasts
  2. Chloroplasts are found in parts of the plant exposed to sunlight.
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20
Q

How is glucose used by plants through photosynthesis

A

The product of photosynthesis, glucose is:

  1. Converted to chemicals needed for the plants growth, e.g. cellulose, protein, chlorophyll
  2. Converted into starch for storage
  3. Used in respiration to release energy
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21
Q

Chlorophyll

A

The green chemical in plants that absorbs plant energy

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22
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Structures characteristic of plant cells and the cells of algae where photosynthesis takes place

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23
Q

Cellulose

A

Large polysaccharides made by plants for cell walls

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24
Q

How and where are amino acids made

A

Glucose from photosynthesis and nitrates taken up by the plant roots are used to synthesise amino acids, which are assembled into proteins

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25
Q

What is the waste product of photosynthesis

A

Oxygen is produced as the waste product of photosynthesis

26
Q

Nitrates

A

Salts containing the nitrate ion (consisting of one nitrogen atom and 3 oxygen atoms); may be used as fertilisers, sometimes causing pollution of waterways

27
Q

Describe the structure of the plant cell

A
  1. The basic unit of life is the cell
  2. The cell is surrounded busy the cell membrane, which controls what enters and leaves the cells
  3. The jelly-like cytoplasm is where most of the chemical reactions in the cell occur
  4. Animal cells and microorganisms such as yeast have a nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane
28
Q

Cell membrane

A

Layer around the a cell which helps to control substances entering and leaving the cell

29
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A jelly-like substance within a cell where most of the chemical reactions take place

30
Q

Describe the features in the structure of a plant cell

A
  1. The cell membrane allows gases and wager to pass in and out of the cell freely, but is a barrier to other chemicals
  2. In plant cells, yeast cells and the cells of bacteria, the cell membrane is surrounded by the cell wall. It lets water and other chemicals pass through freely. In plant the cell wall is made from cellulose
  3. The nucleus contains DNA, which stores genetic code. The genetic code carries information the cell uses to make enzymes and other proteins. (Bacteria have no nucleus. Instead, they have a circular DNA molecule in their cytoplasm
  4. The cytoplasm contains mitochondrial. Animal and plant cells, and microorganisms such as yeast, have mitochondria. These contain enzymes required for the release of energy by aerobic respiration
31
Q

Bacteria

A

Single-celled microorganisms, some of which may invade the body and cause disease

32
Q

DNA

A

Large (polymer) molecule found in the nucleus of all body cells - its sequence determines genetic characteristics, such as eye colour, and gives each one of us a unique genetic code

33
Q

Genetic code

A

The information contained in a gene which determines the type of protein produced by cells

34
Q

Mitochondria

A

Found in the cytoplasm, where respiration takes place

35
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Respiration that requires oxygen

36
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules or particles from regions of high concentration to low concentration

37
Q

Describe the 3 ways when diffusion occurs in photosynthesis

A
  1. Water is taken up by plant roots
  2. Carbon dioxide enters plant leaves by diffusion
  3. Oxygen leaves plant leaves by diffusion
38
Q

What are the properties of diffusion

A
  1. Passive (it just happens, and does not require energy)
  2. The movement of molecules m from an area where they are in high concentration, to an area where they are in lower concentration
39
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process carried out by green plants in which sunlight, carbon dioxide and water are used to produce glucose and oxygen

40
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane

41
Q

Give an example of osmosis

A

The movement of water into plant roots from the soil, and across the roots, occurs by osmosis

42
Q

Describe the active transport in plant roots

A
  1. Minerals taken up by plant roots are used to make chemicals essential to cells, e.g. nitrogen take up by nitrates is used to make proteins
  2. Nitrates are normally in higher concentration in plant cells than in soil, so root cells cannot take up nitrates by diffusion
  3. Root cells use active transport to take up nitrates
  4. Active transport uses energy from respiration to transport chemicals across cell membranes
43
Q

What factors limit the rate of photosynthesis

A
  1. The rate of photosynthesis can be limited by temperature, carbon dioxide and light intensity
44
Q

How does light intensity or carbon dioxide effect levels of photosynthesis

A
  1. If a factor such as light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration is increased, the rate of photosynthesis increases, and then levels off
  2. At the point where the graph levels off, something is limiting the rate. This is the limiting factor
45
Q

Limiting factor

A

A lack of something that prevents a reaction from increasing any further

46
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

A rise in temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis, up to a certain point. Then rate decreases, because of the effect of temperature on enzyme activity

47
Q

What do ecologists need to do when investigating the effects of light intensity on plant growth

A

When investigating the effects of light intensity on plant growth, whether at different areas, ecologists need to:

  1. Use an identification key, such as the one am shown opposite, to identify the plants they find
  2. Measure how common the plants are
  3. Use a light meter to measure the light intensity
48
Q

How do ecologists investigate the abundance and distribution of plants

A
  1. At different locations in an area, and make a comparison

2. In different areas, and make a comparison

49
Q

What do ecologists use to take a sample

A
  1. It’s usually not appropriate to count all the plants on the area, so ecologists take appropriate samples
  2. A Sample is usually taken using a metal or wooden frame of area known as a quadrat
  3. The ecologist makes a decision about the size of the quadrat to use based in the size of an organism, and the size of area to be sampled
50
Q

How is a quadrat used

A

A quadrat is out on the ground:

  1. A number of times, e.g. 10, so that an average is taken, and the number per m²
  2. At random in a location (by throwing, or preferably, picking coordinates at random from a grid system), if there is no obvious change in distribution of plants in the area
  3. Alternatively, if there is an obvious change in the plants in the area, use the quadrat at measured distances along a line called a transect
51
Q

Transect

A

A line of quadrats

52
Q

What can quadrats show?

A
  1. Trees, bushes and hedges, or a group of the same species of plant, can cast shave on an area and therefore affect the growth of plants around them
  2. There may therefore be a correlation between the distance from a tree, bush and hedge and the growth of any plants, and the growth of plans get grown at high and low densities
  3. However, other factors may be involved, such as competition for nutrients
53
Q

Word and symbol equation for aerobic respiration.

A

Glucose + oxygen ➡️ carbon dioxide + water (+ energy released)

C₆H₁₂O₆ +6O₂➡️6CO₂ + 6H₂O (+energy released)

54
Q

Where and how does aerobic respiration take place

A
  1. Aerobic respiration takes place in animal and plant cells, and some organisms
  2. Organisms require energy released by respiration for the synthesis of large molecules and movement
  3. Plants use the food produced by photosynthesis for respiration and active transport. Excess glucose is stored as starch
  4. Respiration takes place as a series of enzyme-controlled reactions, with energy being released in stages
55
Q

What is ten word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose ➡️ lactic acid + ENERGY

56
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration that does not need oxygen

57
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur

A
  1. Some organisms can still obtain energy when oxygen is in low concentration or absent, by anaerobic respiration
  2. Anaerobic respiration occurs in human cells during vigorous exercise, plant roots in waterlogged soil, and bacteria in deep puncture wounds
  3. Aerobic respiration releases much more energy per molecule of glucose than anaerobic energy
58
Q

Fermentation

A

The conversion of carbohydrates to alcohol and carbon dioxide by yeast or bacteria

59
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation

A

Glucose ➡️ ethanol + carbon dioxide + ENERGY

60
Q

Why is fermentation important and what is it used for

A
  1. This is important in the production of alcoholic drinks (beer, wine etc.) and bread
  2. Bubbles of carbon dioxide make bread rise, and alcoholic drinks sparkle. On bread, alcohol is exported off as it is cooked
  3. Anaerobic respiration is also important in biogas generation

Biology 4,5 + 6 (1 decks)

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