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Triple Science > Biology 3A > Flashcards

Biology 3A Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define ‘osmosis’

A

the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration

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2
Q

how does water move in and out of cells?

A

osmosis

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3
Q

what surrounds the cells in the body?

A

tissue fluid

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4
Q

what 3 things make up ‘tissue fluid’?

A

water, oxygen, glucose

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5
Q

does tissue fluid usually have a different concentration fluid than the fluid inside of the cell?

A

yes

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6
Q

if a cell is short of water, what happens?

A

the solution inside become quite concentrated- this means that the outside of the cell is more dilute, so water goes into the cell by osmosis

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7
Q

if a cell has excess water, what happens?

A

water is drawn out of the cell and into the fluid surrounding it by osmosis

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8
Q

name the 3 ways in which substances move by

A

osmosis, diffusion and active transport

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9
Q

which one of the 3 ways of transport requires energy?

A

active transport

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10
Q

what is the primary difference between diffusion and osmosis?

A

osmosis is exclusive to water, whilst diffusion applies to most things

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11
Q

give an example of when diffusion occurs

A

in the stomata during photosynthesis (CO2 in, O2 out)

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12
Q

what 3 things aid diffusion?

A

thin membrane, large surface area, close to blood vessels

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13
Q

what controls the size of the stomata?

A

guard cells

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14
Q

what is the sequence in which air gets into your lungs from outside?

A

air-mouth-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli

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15
Q

what is the thorax?

A

the upper part of the body

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16
Q

what is the lower part of the body called?

A

the abdomen

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17
Q

what is the proper word for ‘breathing in/out’?

A

ventilation

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18
Q

what happens to the intercoastal muscles and diaphragm when breathing in?

A

they contract

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19
Q

what happens to the volume of the thorax when breathing in?

A

it increases

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20
Q

does the pressure decrease or increase when breathing in?

A

decrease (drawing air in)

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21
Q

what happens to the intercoastal muscles and the diaphragm when breathing out?

A

they relax

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22
Q

what happens to the volume of the thorax when breathing out?

A

decreases

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23
Q

does the pressure decrease or increase when breathing out?

A

increases (so air is forced out)

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24
Q

when are artificial ventilators used?

A

when a person cant breathe by themselves (e.g after injury or disease)

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25
Q

how do artificial ventilators work?

A

by pumping air into the lungs

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26
Q

what is a risk of using artificial ventilators?

A

they can burst alveoli

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27
Q

where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?

A

alveoli

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28
Q

the 4 things that alveoli have specialised to maximise diffusion is

A

large surface area
moist lining (for dissolving gases)
very thin walls
a good blood supply

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29
Q

name another area in the body which is specialised for diffusion

A

villi (in the small intestine)

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30
Q

how are the villi specialised for diffusion?

A

large surface area
very good blood supply for quick absorption
single layer of surface cells

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31
Q

what is inside of the villi that aid diffusion?

A

a network of capillaries in every villus

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32
Q

when is active transport used?

A

when things need to be moved form low concentration to high concentration

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33
Q

what is different between diffusion/osmosis and active transport?

A

direction of movement

AT is the only one that requires energy to occur

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34
Q

name a cell that uses active transport

A

root hair cell

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35
Q

where does active transport get the energy required to happen form?

A

respiration

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36
Q

which is more concentrated; the root hair cell or the surrounding soil?

A

root hair cell

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37
Q

name the 2 types of vessel in flowering plants that are used to transport stuff?

A

xylem and phloem

38
Q

what do phloem tubes transport?

A

food

39
Q

what do xylem tubes transport and in what direction?

A

water upwards

40
Q

what is transpiration?

A

loss of water from the plant

41
Q

what is transpiration caused by?

A

evaporation and diffusion

42
Q

what are phloem tubes made up of?

A

living cells with small holes in the ends

43
Q

what are xylem tubes made up of?

A

dead cells joined up end to end with no walls between them and a hole down the middle

44
Q

what are the walls of the heart mainly made of?

A

muscle tissue

45
Q

what do the valves in the heart do?

A

stop blood flowing backwards

46
Q

name the 4 chambers of the heart

A

right ventricle, left ventricle, right atrium and left atrium

47
Q

name the 2 things that blood goes through to get to each atria

A

vena cava and pulmonary vein

48
Q

how does the blood get from each atrium to each ventricle

A

the atria contract

49
Q

how does the blood leave the heart?

A

each ventricle contracts, forcing the blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta and out of the heart

50
Q

oxygenated blood flows to the organs through the …

A

arteries

51
Q

oxygenated blood flows through the…

A

veins

52
Q

name the 3 types of blood vessel

A

artery, capillary and vein

53
Q

give 4 features of the artery

A

walls are strong and elastic (because they carry blood at high pressure)

thick walls in comparison to the lumen

contain thick layers of muscles and elastic fibres

branch into capillaries

54
Q

give 6 features of capillaries

A

too small to see

carry blood really close to the cell so that it is easy to exchange substances

permeable walls (for diffusion)

supply food and oxygen, take away waste (e.g. CO2)

walls are only 1 cell thick (for diffusion)

eventually join up to form veins

55
Q

give 3 features of veins

A

lower pressure blood, so walls dont have to bee too thick

bigger lumen than arteries

valves

56
Q

what is the lumen?

A

the hole in the middle of the blood vessel that the blood itself flows through

57
Q

in what direction in relation to the heart does the arteries and veins carry blood

A

arteries=away

veins=towards

58
Q

what do red blood cells carry?

A

oxygen

59
Q

what shape are the red blood cells and why?

A

doughnut to maximise surface area

60
Q

do red blood cells have a nucleus?

A

no

61
Q

what is the red pigment that red blood cells carry called?

A

haemoglobin

62
Q

what happens with haemoglobin in the lungs?

A

it combines with oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin

63
Q

what happens to oxyhaemoglobin in body tissues?

A

it splits up, releasing oxygen into the cells for respiration

64
Q

what 2 things to white blood cells produce to fight microorganisms?

A

antibodies (which are an exact match to the antigens of that specific pathogen) and antitoxins

65
Q

do white blood cells have a nucleus?

A

yes

66
Q

what do platelets do?

A

they help blood clot at a wound to stop blood pouring out and also to stop microorganisms getting in

67
Q

what are platelets?

A

small fragments of cells

68
Q

what can a lack of platelets cause?

A

excessive bleeding and bruising

69
Q

do platelets have a nucleus?

A

no

70
Q

what is the plasma?

A

a pale yellowish liquid which carries everything in the blood

71
Q

what things does the plasma carry?

A 
RBC's and WBC's
platelets
nutrients (e.g. glucose and amino acids)
carbon dioxide
urea
hormones
antibodies/antitoxins
72
Q

what can artificial blood do?

A

keep someone alive (e.g. after an accident) by giving them enough time to produce new red blood cells, even if 2/3’s have been lost

73
Q

what is the word for the things that keep arteries open?

A

stents

74
Q

when would someone require a stent?

A

when they have coronary heart disease which is caused by fatty deposits blocking the arteries, restricting blood flow

75
Q

define homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment

76
Q

name the 6 key things that need controlled internally

A 
temperature
water levels
ion content
blood sugar levels
carbon dioxide levels
urea levels
77
Q

what are the 3 main roles of the kidneys?

A

remove urea from blood
adjust ions in blood
adjust water content in blood

78
Q

why is it dangerous to have urea in the body for too long?

A

its poisonous

79
Q

what are the 3 ways water is lost from the body?

A

urine
sweat
breathing out (water vapour)

80
Q

when is urea produced

A

a waste product of the reactions the liver performs to turn excess amino acids (from proteins) into fats and carbohydrates

81
Q

where is urea stored until its removed?

A

bladder

82
Q

what happens when the kidneys dont work properly?

A

waste substances build up in the blood, eventually making you lose control over things such as blood water levels

83
Q

what are the 2 ways people with kidney failure can be kept alive?

A

dialysis

kidney transplant

84
Q

what do dialysis machines do?

A

they filter the blood for the kidneys

85
Q

can you live without a kidney?

A

yes, as long as you still have 1 of 2

86
Q

what do doctors do to stop the body rejecting a donor kidney?

A

drugs to suppress the immune system from attacking the new organ

87
Q

what are the 2 things that control blood glucose level?

A

insulin and glucagon

88
Q

where is insulin produced?

A

pancreas

89
Q

what does insulin do?

A

reduce blood sugar levels

90
Q

what causes more glucose to be removed from the blood than the normal metabolism of cells?

A

vigorous exercise

Triple Science (6 decks)

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