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Triple Science > Biology 3A > Flashcards

Biology 3A Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘osmosis’

A

the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration

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2
Q

how does water move in and out of cells?

A

osmosis

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3
Q

what surrounds the cells in the body?

A

tissue fluid

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4
Q

what 3 things make up ‘tissue fluid’?

A

water, oxygen, glucose

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5
Q

does tissue fluid usually have a different concentration fluid than the fluid inside of the cell?

A

yes

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6
Q

if a cell is short of water, what happens?

A

the solution inside become quite concentrated- this means that the outside of the cell is more dilute, so water goes into the cell by osmosis

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7
Q

if a cell has excess water, what happens?

A

water is drawn out of the cell and into the fluid surrounding it by osmosis

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8
Q

name the 3 ways in which substances move by

A

osmosis, diffusion and active transport

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9
Q

which one of the 3 ways of transport requires energy?

A

active transport

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10
Q

what is the primary difference between diffusion and osmosis?

A

osmosis is exclusive to water, whilst diffusion applies to most things

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11
Q

give an example of when diffusion occurs

A

in the stomata during photosynthesis (CO2 in, O2 out)

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12
Q

what 3 things aid diffusion?

A

thin membrane, large surface area, close to blood vessels

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13
Q

what controls the size of the stomata?

A

guard cells

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14
Q

what is the sequence in which air gets into your lungs from outside?

A

air-mouth-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli

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15
Q

what is the thorax?

A

the upper part of the body

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16
Q

what is the lower part of the body called?

A

the abdomen

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17
Q

what is the proper word for ‘breathing in/out’?

A

ventilation

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18
Q

what happens to the intercoastal muscles and diaphragm when breathing in?

A

they contract

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19
Q

what happens to the volume of the thorax when breathing in?

A

it increases

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20
Q

does the pressure decrease or increase when breathing in?

A

decrease (drawing air in)

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21
Q

what happens to the intercoastal muscles and the diaphragm when breathing out?

A

they relax

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22
Q

what happens to the volume of the thorax when breathing out?

A

decreases

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23
Q

does the pressure decrease or increase when breathing out?

A

increases (so air is forced out)

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24
Q

when are artificial ventilators used?

A

when a person cant breathe by themselves (e.g after injury or disease)

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25
how do artificial ventilators work?
by pumping air into the lungs
26
what is a risk of using artificial ventilators?
they can burst alveoli
27
where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?
alveoli
28
the 4 things that alveoli have specialised to maximise diffusion is
large surface area moist lining (for dissolving gases) very thin walls a good blood supply
29
name another area in the body which is specialised for diffusion
villi (in the small intestine)
30
how are the villi specialised for diffusion?
large surface area very good blood supply for quick absorption single layer of surface cells
31
what is inside of the villi that aid diffusion?
a network of capillaries in every villus
32
when is active transport used?
when things need to be moved form low concentration to high concentration
33
what is different between diffusion/osmosis and active transport?
direction of movement | AT is the only one that requires energy to occur
34
name a cell that uses active transport
root hair cell
35
where does active transport get the energy required to happen form?
respiration
36
which is more concentrated; the root hair cell or the surrounding soil?
root hair cell
37
name the 2 types of vessel in flowering plants that are used to transport stuff?
xylem and phloem
38
what do phloem tubes transport?
food
39
what do xylem tubes transport and in what direction?
water upwards
40
what is transpiration?
loss of water from the plant
41
what is transpiration caused by?
evaporation and diffusion
42
what are phloem tubes made up of?
living cells with small holes in the ends
43
what are xylem tubes made up of?
dead cells joined up end to end with no walls between them and a hole down the middle
44
what are the walls of the heart mainly made of?
muscle tissue
45
what do the valves in the heart do?
stop blood flowing backwards
46
name the 4 chambers of the heart
right ventricle, left ventricle, right atrium and left atrium
47
name the 2 things that blood goes through to get to each atria
vena cava and pulmonary vein
48
how does the blood get from each atrium to each ventricle
the atria contract
49
how does the blood leave the heart?
each ventricle contracts, forcing the blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta and out of the heart
50
oxygenated blood flows to the organs through the ...
arteries
51
oxygenated blood flows through the...
veins
52
name the 3 types of blood vessel
artery, capillary and vein
53
give 4 features of the artery
walls are strong and elastic (because they carry blood at high pressure) thick walls in comparison to the lumen contain thick layers of muscles and elastic fibres branch into capillaries
54
give 6 features of capillaries
too small to see carry blood really close to the cell so that it is easy to exchange substances permeable walls (for diffusion) supply food and oxygen, take away waste (e.g. CO2) walls are only 1 cell thick (for diffusion) eventually join up to form veins
55
give 3 features of veins
lower pressure blood, so walls dont have to bee too thick bigger lumen than arteries valves
56
what is the lumen?
the hole in the middle of the blood vessel that the blood itself flows through
57
in what direction in relation to the heart does the arteries and veins carry blood
arteries=away | veins=towards
58
what do red blood cells carry?
oxygen
59
what shape are the red blood cells and why?
doughnut to maximise surface area
60
do red blood cells have a nucleus?
no
61
what is the red pigment that red blood cells carry called?
haemoglobin
62
what happens with haemoglobin in the lungs?
it combines with oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin
63
what happens to oxyhaemoglobin in body tissues?
it splits up, releasing oxygen into the cells for respiration
64
what 2 things to white blood cells produce to fight microorganisms?
antibodies (which are an exact match to the antigens of that specific pathogen) and antitoxins
65
do white blood cells have a nucleus?
yes
66
what do platelets do?
they help blood clot at a wound to stop blood pouring out and also to stop microorganisms getting in
67
what are platelets?
small fragments of cells
68
what can a lack of platelets cause?
excessive bleeding and bruising
69
do platelets have a nucleus?
no
70
what is the plasma?
a pale yellowish liquid which carries everything in the blood
71
what things does the plasma carry?
``` RBC's and WBC's platelets nutrients (e.g. glucose and amino acids) carbon dioxide urea hormones antibodies/antitoxins ```
72
what can artificial blood do?
keep someone alive (e.g. after an accident) by giving them enough time to produce new red blood cells, even if 2/3's have been lost
73
what is the word for the things that keep arteries open?
stents
74
when would someone require a stent?
when they have coronary heart disease which is caused by fatty deposits blocking the arteries, restricting blood flow
75
define homeostasis
the maintenance of a constant internal environment
76
name the 6 key things that need controlled internally
``` temperature water levels ion content blood sugar levels carbon dioxide levels urea levels ```
77
what are the 3 main roles of the kidneys?
remove urea from blood adjust ions in blood adjust water content in blood
78
why is it dangerous to have urea in the body for too long?
its poisonous
79
what are the 3 ways water is lost from the body?
urine sweat breathing out (water vapour)
80
when is urea produced
a waste product of the reactions the liver performs to turn excess amino acids (from proteins) into fats and carbohydrates
81
where is urea stored until its removed?
bladder
82
what happens when the kidneys dont work properly?
waste substances build up in the blood, eventually making you lose control over things such as blood water levels
83
what are the 2 ways people with kidney failure can be kept alive?
dialysis | kidney transplant
84
what do dialysis machines do?
they filter the blood for the kidneys
85
can you live without a kidney?
yes, as long as you still have 1 of 2
86
what do doctors do to stop the body rejecting a donor kidney?
drugs to suppress the immune system from attacking the new organ
87
what are the 2 things that control blood glucose level?
insulin and glucagon
88
where is insulin produced?
pancreas
89
what does insulin do?
reduce blood sugar levels
90
what causes more glucose to be removed from the blood than the normal metabolism of cells?
vigorous exercise

Triple Science (6 decks)

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