Biology

Question 1

Chromosome/Chromatid numbers during cell division: 2n = 8 Interphase: _ single chromosomes (_n) Prophase: _ doubled chromosomes, _ chromatids (_n) Metaphase: _ doubled chromosomes, _ sister chromatids (_n) Anaphase: _ single chromosomes (_n) Telophase: _ single chromosomes (_n) Cytokinesis: _ single chromosomes in each daughter cell. (_n + _n)

Answer 1

Interphase: 8 single chromosomes (2n) Prophase: 8 doubled chromosomes, 16 chromatids (4n) Metaphase: 8 doubled chromosomes, 16 sister chromatids (4n) Anaphase: 16 single chromosomes (4n) Telophase: 16 single chromosomes (4n) Cytokinesis: 8 single chromosomes in each daughter cell. (2n + 2n) n = number of single chromosomes or chromatids.

Question 2

Cytokinesis: also known as _____ _____ that occurs at the end of cell division. In animal cells, ________ encircle the center of the cell and shorten. In plant cells, _______ from the _____ _____ migrate and fuse to form the ____ _____ that separates the two daughter cells.

Answer 2

cleavage furrow microfilaments vesicles, Golgi body, cell plate.

Question 3

Earth’s primitive atmosphere was a ________ environment and did not include __.

Answer 3

reducing; O2

Question 4

SDS (sodium doceyl sulfate)

Answer 4

• used in protein analysis, gel electrophoresis - adds negative charges across protein to unfold it into a linear shape and mask charges so that only size of proteins is the different.

Question 5

Alteration of generations (plant sex cells)

Answer 5

Gametophyte (n) -> Gametes (n) -[fusion]-> Zygotes (2n) -[mitosis]-> Sporophytes (2n) -[meiosis]-> Spores (n) -[mitosis]-> Gametophyte (n)

Question 6

what exposes binding sites on actin filaments?

Answer 6

Calcium ions.

Question 7

What hormone stimulates osteoblast activity, lowers calcium level in blood, and builds bone? Where does it originate?

What hormone stimulates osteoclast activity, increases calcium level in blood, and “cuts” bone? Where does it originate?

Answer 7

Calcitonin, from Thyroid.

Parathyroid horomone, from Parathyroid Glands.

Question 8

Subcutaneous layer of skin

Answer 8

• contains fat cells and collagen
• functions as insulator, conserving body heat.
• works as shock absorber.

Question 9

Reflex arc

Answer 9

Involuntary contraction by the skeletal muscle.

Question 10

Refraction

Answer 10

refractory (stubborn/resistant to stimulus) period after neuron fires and cannot respond to new stimuli.

Question 11

Capacitation:

Acrosome reaction:

Answer 11

Process in the oviduct when sperm’s acrosome is destabilized for better binding to the oocyte.

Process when the tip of sperm fuses with the Zona Pellucida of the egg.

Question 12

Germ layers (3)

Answer 12

1. Ectoderm
   - epidermis of skin, hair, nails, nervous system, lens of eyes, enamel of teeth.
2. Mesoderm
   - dermis of skin, muscle, skeleton, circulatory system, gonads, kidneys, respiratory system.
3. Endoderm
   - lining of digestive system, layer of respiratory tracts, liver and pancreas.

Question 13

Oocyte:

Allantois:

Answer 13

Female egg; provides most of cytoplasm in developing zygote.

Transfers waste products from zygote to placenta and later develops into umbilical cord.

Question 14

Translocation

Answer 14

Process during elongation of RNA translation when tRNA moves from A to P to E locations on the ribosome.

Question 15

of combinations of different gametes from AaBbCc

Answer 15

2ⁿ

2 = number of alleles

n = number of genes

Question 16

Fundamental niche

Answer 16

Range of environmental conditions an organism can live in.

Question 17

Niche

Answer 17

Where organism lives in the environment

Question 18

Hardy-Weinberg equations

Answer 18

p + q = 1

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

Question 19

Allopatric speciation:

Sympatric speciation:

Disruptive selection:

Adative radiation:

Answer 19

speciation from environmental divide (river)

speciation from non-environmental factors such as hybridization, polyploidy, or balanced polymorphism

extreme traits favored

booming of diversification due to changes in the environment.