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Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Biosphere

A
  • consists of all life on Earth & all the places where life exists
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2
Q

Define Ecosystem

A
  • consists of all the living things in a particular area along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts
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3
Q

Define Communities

A
  • hold the entire array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem
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4
Q

Define Population

A
  • consists of all the individuals of a species living with the bounds of a specified area
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5
Q

Define Organisms

A
  • individual living things
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6
Q

Define Tissue

A
  • made up of a group of cells that work together performing a specialized function
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7
Q

What is a Cell?

A
  • life’s fundamental unit of structure and function
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8
Q

What are Organelles?

A
  • the various functional components present in cells
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9
Q

What is Matter?

A
  • defined as anything that takes up space & has a mass
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10
Q

Define Element

A
  • a substance that cannot be chemically broken down into a simple substance
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11
Q

What is a Compound?

A
  • a substance composed of 2 or more elements in fixed, definite proportions
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12
Q

What is an Atom?

A
  • the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
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13
Q

Can the number of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons change in an atom?

A
  • the number of protons NEVER changes in an element because it is the identifier of the element on the periodic table
  • if the number of protons ever changed, then the entire atom transforms into another atom
  • neutrons and electrons can change depending what type of change it is going through (either becomes an isotope or an ion
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14
Q

What are the 6 Elements Found in Bio-molecules?

A
  • oxygen O 8 protons
  • hydrogen H 1 proton
  • carbon C 6 protons
  • nitrogen N 7 protons
  • sulfur S 16 protons
  • phosphorous P 15 protons
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15
Q

Define Valence

A
  • the number of electrons that are found on the outermost shell of an atom
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16
Q

What is the “Rule of 8”?

A
  • it states that chemistry is the process of atoms trying to have a complete outer ring of 8 electrons aka become like the Noble Gases
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17
Q

What are the 4 Types of Chemical Bonds?

A
  • Covalent Bond
  • Ionic Bond
  • Hydrogen Bond
  • Van der Waals Forces
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18
Q

What is a Covalent Bond?

A
  • the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms

if it has 8 electrons, then it is happy

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19
Q

What is an Ionic Bond?

A
  • a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions
    (becomes a cation or an anion)
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20
Q

What is an Anion?

A
  • an ion that has gained one or more electrons, acquiring a negative charge
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21
Q

What is a Cation?

A
  • an ion that has lost one or more electrons, gaining a positive charge
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22
Q

What is a Hydrogen Bond?

A
  • a type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule
    (extremely weak but strong if there is a lot of them)
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23
Q

What are Van der Waals Forces?

A
  • individually weak and occur only when atoms and molecules are very close
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24
Q

What are the 2 Types of Molecular Polarity?

A
  • Polar Covalent Bond

- Non-polar Covalent Bond

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25
Q

Define Polar Covalent Bond

A
  • when one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom thus the electrons of the bond are not shared equally
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26
Q

Define Non-Polar Covalent Bond

A
  • when the electrons are shared equally because the 2 atoms have the same electronegativity
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27
Q

What is the pH?

A
  • the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration
    ( pH = -log[H^+] )
  • on the scale 0-6.99, it is acidic [H^+] > [OH^-]
  • on the scale 7.01-14, it is basic [H^+]
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28
Q

What Elements Make Up Hydrocarbons?

A
  • hydrogen & carbons

ex) methane, propane

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29
Q

What is a Double Bond?

A
  • a chemical bond between two chemical elements involving four bonding electrons instead of the usual two
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30
Q

What is a Triple Bond?

A
  • a chemical bond between two atoms involving six bonding electrons instead of the usual two in a covalent single bond
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31
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A
  • a molecule in this group has a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton of the organic molecule
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32
Q

Define Isomers

A
  • compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures
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33
Q

Define Carbohydrates

A
  • a sugar or one of its dimers or polymers
34
Q

What are Monosaccharides?

A
  • generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O
35
Q

What are Polysaccharides?

A
  • they are macromolecules

- polymers that can go up to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

36
Q

What are Disaccharides?

A
  • consists of two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage
37
Q

Define Glycosidic Linkage

A
  • a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
38
Q

Forming/breaking bond require what?

A
  • forming bonds requires energy input, and breaking bonds releases energy
39
Q

What is a Dehydration Reaction?

A
  • the process of two molecules covalently bonding to each other by losing a water molecule
40
Q

What is Hydrolysis?

A
  • a process that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction
  • literally means to break using water
41
Q

What are Some Uses of Polysaccharides for Plants & Animals?

A
  • serve as storage material

- serve as building material for structures that protect the cell or the whole organism

42
Q

Define Amylose

A
  • the crystallizable form of starch

- consisting of long unbranched polysaccharide chains

43
Q

Define Amylopectin

A
  • the noncrystabillizable form of starch

- consisting of branched polysaccharides

44
Q

Define Glycogen

A
  • a poymer of glucose that is like amylopectin but more extensively branched
45
Q

Define Cellulose

A
  • a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells
  • made out of glucose
  • not digestible because humans lack enzymes to break down acetal linkages
46
Q

Define Hydrophobic

A
  • literally means “water-fearing”

- describes the segregation and apparent repulsion between water and nonpolar substances

47
Q

Define Hydrophilic

A
  • having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water
48
Q

What are Light Microscopes?

A
  • visible light is passed through the specimen and through glass lenses
  • it can see things from frog eggs to cells to bacteria
  • can magnify effectively to about 1,000 times the actual size of the specimen
49
Q

What is an Electron Microscope?

A
  • a microscope that focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface
  • it can see things from cells to small bacteria to proteins
50
Q

What is a Scanning Electron Microscope?

A
  • a microscope used for detailed study of the topography of a specimen
  • person sprays specimen with gold, scans the surface with a beam which excites electrons on the surface, & the secondary electrons are detected by a device that translates the pattern of electrons into an electronic signal to a video screen
51
Q

What is a Transmission Electron Microscope?

A
  • a microscope used to study the internal structure of cells
  • it aims an electron beam through a very thin section of the specimen which has been stained with atoms of heavy metals; the stain attaches to certain cellular structures, thus enhancing the electron density of some parts of the cell more than others
52
Q

What is an Eukaryotic Cell?

A
  • a cell were most of the DNA is in an organelle called the nucleus which is bounded by a double membrane
  • membrane bound organelles & the cytoplasm is in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus
53
Q

What is a Prokaryotic Cell?

A
  • a cell where the DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane enclosed (nucleoid)
  • it has no membrane bound organelles & the cytoplasm is Bound by the plasma membrane and nucleus
54
Q

Which is bigger, an Eukaryotic Cell or a Prokaryotic Cell?

A
  • Eukaryotic Cell
55
Q

What is Cytosol?

A
  • also known as cytoplasm

- semi fluid substance located inside the cell

56
Q

Define Organelles

A
  • the various function components present in cells
57
Q

What is the Flagellum?

A
  • motility structure present in some animal cells composed of a cluster of micro tubules within an extension of the plasma membrane
58
Q

What is the Mircrovilli?

A
  • projections that increase the cell’s surface area
59
Q

What is the Plasma Membrane?

A
  • a membrane that encloses the cell
  • functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell
  • the general structure of a biological membrane is a double layer of phospholipids
  • the top layer of the membrane is hydrophilic, the middle is hydrophobic and the other side is again hydrophilic
60
Q

What is the Cytoskeleton?

A
  • reinforces cell’s shape
  • functions in cell movement
  • the components are made of proteins which includes micro filaments, intermediate filaments, and micro tubules
61
Q

What is the Mitochondria?

A
  • an organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated
62
Q

What is the Centrosome?

A
  • a region where the cell’s microtubules are initiated

- contains a pair of centrioles

63
Q

What is the Lysome?

A
  • digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed
64
Q

What is the Peroxisome?

A
  • an organelle with various specialized metabolic functions

- produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product then converts it to water

65
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A
  • an organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products
66
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A
  • a network of membranous sacs & tubes active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic & metabolic processes
  • has a rough (ribosome-studded) and smooth regions
67
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A
  • complexes that make proteins

- free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nucleus envelope

68
Q

What are the 3 Parts of a Nucleus?

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • nucleolus
  • chromatin
69
Q

What is the Nuclear Envelope?

A
  • double membrane enclosing the nucleus
  • perforated by pores
  • continuous with ER
70
Q

What is the Nucleolus?

A
  • non-membranous structure involved in production of ribosomes
  • a nucleus has one or more mucleoli
71
Q

What is the Chromatin?

A
  • material consisting of DNA & proteins

- visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes

72
Q

What are Transmembrane Proteins?

A
  • the bean like proteins that are found throughout the plasma membrane
  • it has hydrophilic & hydrophobic regions like the membrane
73
Q

What are the 4 Parts of the Transmembrane Proteins?

A
  • primary structure
  • secondary structure
  • tertiary structure
  • quaternary structure
74
Q

What is the Primary Structure?

A
  • apart of the transmembrane proteins
  • a linked series of amino acids with a unique sequence
  • there is an amino end & a carboxyl end
75
Q

What is the Secondary Structure?

A
  • apart of the transmembrane proteins
  • the polypeptide chains repeatedly coiled or folded in patterns that contribute to the proteins overall shape
  • the result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone
  • there are 2 types: alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
76
Q

What is the Alpha Helix?

A
  • apart of the secondary structure of the transmembrane proteins
  • a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid
77
Q

What is the Beta Pleaded Sheet?

A
  • apart of the secondary structure of the transmembrane
  • 2 or more strands of polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the 2 parallel polypeptide back bones
78
Q

What is the Tertiary Structure?

A
  • apart of the transmembrane proteins
  • the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains ( R groups) of the various amino acids
79
Q

What is the Quaternary Structure?

A
  • apart of the transmembrane proteins
    the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits aka what we see between the plasma membranes
80
Q

In the cell, what organelles are involved in the energy transfer?

A
  • mitochondria

- chloroplasts

Forensic Science Entrance Exam (4 decks)

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