Biology Flashcards
0
Q
Dependent Variable
A
Observed variable that may or may not change in response to the independent variable.
1
Q
Independent Variable
A
Factor in a controlled experiment that is intentionally or deliberately changed.
2
Q
Control Group
A
Exposed to the identical conditions of the experimental group with the exception of the independent variable.
3
Q
Hypothesis
A
Scientific explanation for set of observations that can be tested in a way that support or reject it.
4
Q
Controlled Experiment
A
Testing a hypothesis by tracking various factors that can change (variables). Only one variable should be intentionally changed while others remain constant.
5
Q
Asexual Reproduction
A
A single organism produces offsprings that are genetically similar to itself.
6
Q
Sexual Reproduction
A
Cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism.
7
Q
Metabolism
A
Combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials.
8
Q
Homeostasis
A
A relatively stable internal environment.
9
Q
Ionic Bond
A
Formed when two or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
10
Q
Covalent Bond
A
The bond formed when atoms share electrons.
11
Q
Ions
A
Atoms with a positive or negative charge.
12
Q
Isotope
A
Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons.
13
Q
Element
A
A chemically pure substance with only one type of atom.
14
Q
Electron
A
Negatively charged atomic particles; are in constant motion around the nucleus.
15
Q
Neutron
A
Atomic particles with no charge.
16
Q
Proton
A
Positively charged atomic particles.
17
Q
Molecule
A
Smallest unit of most compounds.
18
Q
Monomer
A
Small chemical unit that makes up a polymer.
19
Q
Polymer
A
Molecules composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules.
20
Q
Carbohydrate
A
Compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms- usually in a ratio of 1:2:1.
21
Q
What is the main source of energy for living things?
A
Carbohydrates
22
Q
Monosaccharide
A
Single sugar molecules.
23
Q
Lipid
A
Mostly made of carbon and hydrogen atoms. (Fats, oils, waxes)
24
Nucleic Acid
Macromolecules containing hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, phosphorus.
25
Nucleotide
Consists of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
26
Protein
Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
27
Amino Acid
Compounds with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end.
28
Reactant
Elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction; input.
29
Products
Elements or compounds produced Ina chemical reaction; outcome.
30
Catalyst
Substance that speeds the reaction process.
31
Enzyme
Biological catalyst
32
Activation Energy
The energy that is needed to get a reaction started.
33
Hydrogen Bond
The attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and an atom with a partial negative charge.
34
Adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances.
35
Cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance.
36
Solute
Substance that is dissolved in a solution.
37
Solvent
Substance in which another substance is dissolved in a solution.
38
Solution
A type of mixture where all components are evenly distributed.
39
Suspension
Mixtures of water and non-dissolved materials.
40
Buffer
Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sudden, sharp changes in pH.
41
Acid
PH of less than seven; contains higher concentration of hydrogen atom than water.
42
Base
PH greater than seven; contains higher concentration of hydroxide ions.
43
pH Scale
Measurement system developed to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
44
Why do cells divide?
Cell division reduces information overload and material exchange issues.
45
What does the rate at which materials are exchanged through the cell membrane depend on?
The surface area.
46
What does the rate at which food and oxygen are used and waste is produced depend on?
The volume.
47
True or False: Larger cells have a smaller surface area to volume ratio compared to smaller cells.
True
48
What happens to the surface area to volume ratio as the cell grows larger?
The surface area to volume ratio gets smaller.
49
When do spindle fibers attach to centromeres?
Metaphase
50
When does the nuclear membrane dissolve?
Prophase
51
When are centrioles at opposite ends of the cells?
Metaphase
52
When do spindle fibers begin to form?
Prophase
54
When do centrioles begin to separate?
Prophase
55
When are sister chromatids pulled apart and separate?
Anaphase
56
When do chromosome line up in the center of the cell?
Metaphase
57
When do spindle fibers disappear?
Telophase
58
When do spindle fibers shorten bringing chromatids to opposite ends of a cell?
Anaphase
59
When do chromatids condense forming chromosomes and become visible?
Prophase
60
When does the nuclear membrane form around the sister chromatids?
Telophase
61
This is when the cell takes is nutrients and eliminates wastes through the cell membrane.
Exchange of materials.
62
This solves the information overload and material exchange problems.
Cell division.
63
This type of reproduction...
- Produces genetically identical offspring
- Occurs in many single-celled organisms
Asexual Reproduction
64
This type of reproduction...
- Produces organisms with genetic information from both parents.
- Occurs in most animals and plants
Sexual Reproduction
65
True or False: As a cell's size increases, its amount of DNA also increases.
True
66
True or False: The amount of activity in a cell is related to its volume.
True
67
True or False: The smaller the cell, the smaller its ratio of surface area to volume.
False
68
Packages of DNA are called ____.
Chromosomes
69
This is the series of events in the growth and division of a cell.
The cell cycle
70
The first three stages of mitosis (the G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase) are referred to as____.
Interphase
71
What happens in the G1 phase of mitosis?
The cell grows
72
What happens in the S phase of mitosis?
DNA is replicated
73
What happens in the G2 phase of mitosis?
The cell produces organelles and materials for for division.
74
In which phase does the cell divide into two stages-mitosis and cytokinesis?
In the M-phase
75
In this phase of M-stage, the nucleus divides.
Mitosis
76
In this stage of mitosis, the cytoplasm divides.
Cytokinesis
77
Name the stage of mitosis:
| A cell's genetic material condenses, a spindle starts to form, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
Prophase
78
Name the stage of mitosis:
| The duplicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and spindle fibers connect to the centromeres.
Metaphase
79
Name the stage of mitosis:
| Sister chromatids separate and move towards the centrioles.
Anaphase
80
Name the stage of mitosis:
| The chromosomes begin to unwind and a nuclear envelope reforms.
Telophase
81
Explain cytokinesis in animal cells.
The cell membrane draws in and pinches off.
82
Explain cytokinesis in plant cells.
A cell plate forms, followed by a new membrane, and finally a new cell wall forms.
83
These are proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.
Cyclins
84
(Internal/External) regulators allow the cell cycle to proceed when certain events have occurred within a cell.
Internal
85
(Internal/External) regulators called growth factors stimulate the cell cycle. Other regulators of this type cause the cell cycle to slow down or stop.
External
86
This is a programmed cell death that plays a key role in the development of tissues and organs.
Apoptosis
87
This is disorder in which cells divid uncontrollably, forming a mass of cells called a tumor.
Cancer
88
Give at least one treatment for cancer.
One of these choices:
- Removal of cancerous tumors
- Radiation
- Chemotherapy
89
True or False: Cells tend to continue dividing when they come in contact with other cells.
False
90
In what type of cell does the cell cycle occur?
a. ) Prokaryotes
b. ) Eukaryotes
b.) Eukaryotes
91
The is scientific study of heredity.
Genetics
92
Why did Gregor Mendel choose peas to work with?
At least one of these choices:
- Easy to work with
- There was a wide variety of traits
- Common and easily accessible
93
Gregor Mendel took the pollen off of one flower and transferred it to the female stigma of another flower.
What is it called?
Cross-pollination
94
This is a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another.
Trait
95
What is does the P generation stand for? What is it?
Parental; the first generation studied.
96
What does the F1 generation mean?
First Filial Generation
97
What does the F2 generation mean?
Second Filial Generation
98
This is the offspring of crosses between parents with different traits.
Hybrid
99
Give at least one reason why Gregor Mendel was unique.
At least one of these choices:
- he did thousands of trials
- he studied more than one trait
- explained results using probability
100
The type of trait that appeared in the F1 generation every time.
Dominant Trait
101
The hidden trait, seemed to disappear in the F1 generation.
Recessive
102
These are factors that determine traits.
Genes
103
Which principle or law of Mendel's said this?
| Some alleles are dominant and others are recessive?
Principle of Dominance
104
What is Mendel's Law of Segregation?
When a gamete forms, two alleles must separate.
105
What is the mathematical chance that something will occur called (also: the likely hood that an event will occur)?
Probability
106
Which principle is used to predict the outcome of genetic crosses?
Principles of Probability
107
What is used to predict outcomes of crosses?
A punnett square
108
What are organisms that have the same alleles for a trait called (e.g. AA or aa)
Homozygous
109
What are organisms that have different alleles for a trait called (e.g. Aa)
Heterozygous
110
What does phenotype mean?
Physical appearance of a trait
111
What does genotype mean?
The genetic make-up
112
What kind of cross looks at one particular trait?
Monohybrid
113
Which of these says that alleles assort independently during fertilization?
a. ) Monohybrid Cross
b. ) Independent Assortment
c. ) Dominance
b.) Independent Assortment
114
What is it called when neither allele is completely dominant of another?
Incomplete dominance
115
What is it called when there are more than 2 alleles for a specific gene?
Multiple Alleles
116
What is it called when traits are controlled by many different genes?
Polygenic traits
117
_____ is when both alleles in the heterozygous genotype are expressed (not a blending).
Codominance
118
True or False: Genes can be influenced by environmental factors.
True
119
Temperature, availability of food/nutrients, disease, and chemicals are all examples of _____.
Environmental factors
120
____chromosomes are chromosomes that contain the same same genes
Homologous
121
What is the symbol for diploid cells?
2n
122
What is the symbol for haploid cells?
n
123
Body cells are (diploid or haploid) cells.
Diploid
124
Gametes are (diploid or haploid) cells.
Haploid
125
If an organism's diploid cells contain 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in the haploid cells?
23
126
What are made in meiosis?
Haploid gametes
127
In what phase of meiosis do tetrads form?
Prophase 1
128
In what phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?
Prophase 1
129
True or False: After meiosis, there are 4 daughter cell, and they are genetically identical.
False
130
In this stage of meiosis, chromosomes are pulled away and they are NOT separated into two parts.
Anaphase 1
131
After meiosis I, _____ is skipped and the cells go directly into prophase II.
Interphase
132
Which scientist found that Gregor Mendel's experiment and conclusions apply to all organisms, both plant and animal?
Thomas Hunt Morgan
133
____ are constructed by looking at frequencies of crossing over.
Gene Maps
134
Which scientist worked with mice and different strains of bacteria to discover transformation?
Frederick Griffith
135
____ is the process in which one strain of bacteria by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria.
Transformation
136
This scientist used extracts, each treated with enzymes that destroyed a certain substance that could cause Griffith's transformation.
Oswald Avery
137
Which scientist first discovered what was causing Griffith's transformation?
Oswald Avery
138
Oswald Avery's conclusion was that _____ was not protein, passed the disease from the bacteria to the mice.
DNA
139
The smooth strain of bacteria that Frederick Griffith use was (good or bad).
Bad
140
The rough strain of bacteria that Frederick Griffith used was (good or bad).
Good
141
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used ____ to label proteins and DNA in bacteriophages.
Radioactive materials
142
What happened when Frederick Griffith injected the mice with the bad, smooth, strain of bacteria?
They died.
143
What are the four nitrogenous bases that DNA has?
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)
144
Which of the five bases does DNA NOT have?
Uracil (U)
145
_____ showed that the percentages of adenine and thymine are almost always equal in DNA Mendel's conclusions.
Chargaff's Rule
146
Which scientist looked at DNA with an x-ray and saw that it was double stranded?
Rosalind Franklin
147
What kind of bonds holds the two DNA strands together?
Hydrogen or covalent
148
Adenine only pairs with _______ in DNA.
Thymine (T)
149
Cytosine only pairs with _______ in DNA.
Guanine (G)
150
If DNA contains 36% of guanine, how much cytosine is in the DNA?
36%
151
DNA copies itself through the process of ______.
Replication
152
What does DNA form when the two strands of the double helix unzips?
A replication fork
153
DNA _____ is an enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA.
Polymerase
154
What are the tips of chromosomes called?
Telomeres
155
True or False: Prokaryotic cells have much more DNA than eukaryotic cells.
False
156
How many points does replication start in most prokaryotic cells?
One
157
Which way(s) (e.g. up, down) does replication occur in eukaryotic cells?
Up and down
158
What is the start amino acid?
Methionine
159
What does the "t" in tRNA stand for?
Transfer
160
What does the "m" in mRNA stand for?
Messenger
161
Where does transcription take place?
In the nucleus of the cell
162
What does "r" in rRNA stand for?
Ribosomal
163
Who was the first person to see and identify cells?
Robert Hooke
164
What are the 3 components to the cell theory?
1. ) cells are the basic unit of life
2. ) all living things are composed of cells
3. ) new cells are produced from existing cells
165
What does a confocal light microscope do?
Builds 3-D image.
166
What does a transmission electron microscope do?
It uses electrons to pass through thin samples.
167
What does a scanning electron microscope do?
It operates in air and in a solution to produce 3-D images.
168
Why are fluorescent labels used?
To study molecules in a cells. (Such as organelles)
169
What 2 characteristics must a cell have?
1.) it must be surrounded by a cell membrane2.) it must contains DNA (genetic info)
170
What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? Example of each?
Eukaryotes contain a nucleus and prokaryotes do not. Eukaryotes- animal and plant cellsProkaryotes- bacteria
171
True of False: Eukaryotes are more complex than prokaryotes.
True
172
True of false: Prokaryotes are much larger than eukaryotes.
False
173
What is a small molecule that functions within a cell?
An organelle
174
What is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus?
Cytoplasm
175
Which 2 microscopes build a 3D image?
Confocal light microscope and the scanning electron microscope
176
Which microscopes use electrons?
Scanning ELECTRON microscope and transmission ELECTRON microscope.
177
Where is DNA found in the cell?
Nucleus
178
What is chromatin and where is it found in the cell?
DNA bound to protein; the nucleus.
179
What is the function of a nucleolus?
It is where ribosome assembly begins.
180
What contains pores allowing protein, RNA, etc. into and out of the cell?
Nuclear envelope.
181
What are ribosomes composed of?
RNA and protein.
182
What do ribosomes do?
They assemble proteins based on instructions from the nucleus.
183
What is the function of the Rough ER?
Synthesized proteins that are being exported out of the cell.
184
What is the function of the Smooth ER?
It synthesizes membrane lipids detoxifies drugs. (Commonly found in the liver)
185
What is the difference between the smooth ER and rough ER?
The rough ER is covered in ribosomes giving it a rough appearance and the smooth ER is not.
186
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for storage or secretion and receives proteins for the Rough ER.
187
What are the functions of lysosomes?
Filled with digestive enzymes in order to digest lipids, carbs, and proteins while breaking down old organelles.
188
What is the function of a vacuole?
Stores water, salt, proteins, and carbohydrates while maintains the cells homeostasis. Serve as structural support in plants.
189
What makes the chloroplasts and mitochondria different from the rest of the organelles?
They have a double membrane and both contain their own DNA
190
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Converts chemical energy stored in food into compounds more useful to the cell.
191
What is the function of a chloroplast?
It is found is plants and captures energy from the sun and converts it into a chemical energy.
192
What organelle(s) are found in plant cells but not animal?
Chloroplasts and cell wall
193
What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of protein filaments that are mostly used for movement and structure.
194
What do the centrioles do?
They organize cell division.
195
What does the cell membrane have the helps move materials from in and out of the cell? What are they made out of?
Protein channels made out of protein.
196
Define diffusion.
The movement of particles from a higher concentration tons lower.
197
Define osmosis.
The movement of water molecules from a higher concentration to a lower.
198
Define facilitated diffusion.
Transporting molecules that are too big for diffusion into the membrane using protein channels.
199
What is active transport?
The movement AGAINST the concentration gradient and requires energy.
200
What is the function of a cell membrane?
1.) regulation2.) protection3.) support
201
What are the two parts of a membrane
Head: phosphate Tail: fatty acid
202
What is the function of a cell wall?
To provide support and protection.
203
What is the cell membrane composed of?
Carbohydrate fibers and proteins.
204
What are the levels of organization of cells?
Cells TissueOrganOrgan system
205
What are two examples of endocytosis?
Pinocytosis and phagocytosis
206
Define pinocytosis.
Taking in fluid. (To drink)
207
Define phagocytosis.
Taking in chunks. (To eat)
208
Define endocytosis.
To take in by engulfing. (Amoeba do this)
209
How to find concentration?
Mass of solutes per volume of solution.
210
Define equilibrium.
When the system has same concentration throughout; no net movement.
211
Isotonic
When concentration is equal
212
Hypotonic
More diluted side.
213
Hypertonic
More concentrated side
214
Define osmotic pressure.
Pressure on the hypertonic side of selectively permeable membrane.
215
Why aren't animal cells harmed by osmotic pressure?
Blood is isotonic.
216
Why aren't plant cells harmed by osmotic pressure?
Plants have a rigid cell wall.
217
Define exocytosis.
Releasing large amounts of material from the cell by having a vacuole surround the material and fuse with the cell membrane.
218
What is the most abundant life form?
Unicellular organisms (single-celled organism)
219
Cell specialization
Cells developing in different ways to preform different tasks.
220
Who was the first person to see and identify cells?
Robert Hooke
221
What are the 4 components to the cell theory?
1.) cells are the basic unit of life2.) all living things are composed of cells3.) cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things4.) new cells are produced from existing cells
222
What are the similarities between a transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, and confocal light microscope?
All are used to be able to see cells on a molecular level.
223
What does a confocal light microscope do?
Builds 3-D image.
224
What does a transmission electron microscope do?
It uses electrons to pass through thin samples.
225
What does a scanning electron microscope do?
It operates in air and in a solution to produce 3-D images.
226
Why are fluorescent labels used?
To study molecules in a cells. (Such as organelles)
227
What 2 characteristics must a cell have?
1.) it must be surrounded by a cell membrane2.) it must contains DNA (genetic info)
228
What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? Example of each?
Eukaryotes contain a nucleus and prokaryotes do not. Eukaryotes- animal and plant cellsProkaryotes- bacteria
229
True of False: Eukaryotes are more complex than prokaryotes.
TRUE
230
True of false: Prokaryotes are much larger than eukaryotes.
FALSE
231
What is a small molecule that functions within a cell?
An organelle
232
What is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus?
Cytoplasm
233
What is the center of cell? (Control center)
Nucleus
234
Which 2 microscopes build a 3D image?
Confocal light microscope and the scanning electron microscope
235
Which microscopes use electrons?
Scanning ELECTRON microscope and transmission ELECTRON microscope.
236
Where is DNA found in the cell?
Nucleus
237
What is chromatin and where is it found in the cell?
DNA bound to protein; the nucleus.
238
What is the function of a nucleolus?
It is where ribosome assembly begins.
239
What contains pores allowing protein, RNA, etc. into and out of the cell?
Nuclear envelope.
240
What are ribosomes composed of?
RNA and protein.
241
What do ribosomes do?
They assemble proteins based on instructions from the nucleus.
242
What is the function of the Rough ER?
Synthesized proteins that are being exported out of the cell.
243
What is the function of the Smooth ER?
It synthesizes membrane lipids detoxifies drugs. (Commonly found in the liver)
244
What is the difference between the smooth ER and rough ER?
The rough ER is covered in ribosomes giving it a rough appearance and the smooth ER is not.
245
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for storage or secretion and receives proteins for the Rough ER.
246
What are the functions of lysosomes?
Filled with digestive enzymes in order to digest lipids, carbs, and proteins while breaking down old organelles.
247
What is the function of a vacuole?
Stores water, salt, proteins, and carbohydrates while maintains the cells homeostasis. Serve as structural support in plants.
248
What makes the chloroplasts and mitochondria different from the rest of the organelles?
They have a double membrane and both contain their own DNA
249
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Converts chemical energy stored in food into compounds more useful to the cell.
250
What is the function of a chloroplast?
It is found is plants and captures energy from the sun and converts it into a chemical energy.
251
What organelle(s) are found in plant cells but not animal?
Chloroplasts and cell wall
252
What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of protein filaments that are mostly used for movement and structure.
253
What do the centrioles do?
They organize cell division.
254
What does the cell membrane have the helps move materials from in and out of the cell? What are they made out of?
Protein channels made out of protein.
255
Define diffusion.
The movement of particles from a higher concentration tons lower.
256
Define osmosis.
The movement of water molecules from a higher concentration to a lower.
257
Define facilitated diffusion.
Transporting molecules that are too big for diffusion into the membrane using protein channels.
258
What is active transport?
The movement AGAINST the concentration gradient and requires energy.
259
What is the function of a cell membrane?
1.) regulation2.) protection3.) support
260
What are the two parts of a membrane
Head: phosphate Tail: fatty acid
261
What is the function of a cell wall?
To provide support and protection.
262
What is the cell membrane composed of?
Carbohydrate fibers and proteins.
263
What are the levels of organization of cells?
Cells TissueOrganOrgan system
264
What are two examples of endocytosis?
Pinocytosis and phagocytosis
265
Define pinocytosis.
Taking in fluid. (To drink)
266
Define phagocytosis.
Taking in chunks. (To eat)
267
Define endocytosis.
To take in by engulfing. (Amoeba do this)
268
How to find concentration?
Mass of solutes per volume of solution.
269
Define equilibrium.
When the system has same concentration throughout; no net movement.
270
Isotonic
When concentration is equal
271
Hypotonic
More diluted side.
272
Hypertonic
More concentrated side
273
Define osmotic pressure.
Pressure on the hypertonic side of selectively permeable membrane.
274
Why aren't animal cells harmed by osmotic pressure?
Blood is isotonic.
275
Why aren't plant cells harmed by osmotic pressure?
Plants have a rigid cell wall.
276
Define exocytosis.
Releasing large amounts of material from the cell by having a vacuole surround the material and fuse with the cell membrane.
277
What is the most abundant life form?
Unicellular organisms (single-celled organism)
278
Cell specialization
Cells developing in different ways to preform different tasks.
279
What is the ratio of matter's mass to its volume?
Density
280
The overall charge of an atom is _______.
Neutral
281
What are the four major elements for biological importance?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.
282
What is the small dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begin?
nucleolus
283
What is a Scanning Electron Microscope?
It forms a 3-D image by using electrons to scan surfaces.
284
What is a Transmission Electron Microscope?
It shines beams of electrons to form a 2-D image?
285
What is a tetrad?
A homologous chromosome pair.
286
What is a Compound Light Microscope?
It is used to see living things (microscopes in class).
287
What is the control?
A variable that does not change.
288
The experimental group is the group that contains the _________ variable.
Independent
289
The larger knob on a microscope used to move the stage up or down.
Course Adjustment
290
What provides the light source that will shine through a specimen in a microscope?
Lamp
291
The ______ lens provides magnification.
objective
292
This is the lens you look through.
ocular lens
293
The part of the microscope you grab to carry.
the arm
294
What are the 8 characteristics of a living thing?
1. ) Made up of one or more cells.
2. ) Has DNA
3. ) Able to maintain Homeostasis
4. ) Capable of reproduction
5. ) Grows and develop
6. ) Obtain and use materials for energy (metabolism)
7. ) Able to respond to their environment.
8. ) Able to evolve as a species.
295
What are the steps to the scientific method in order?
1. ) State the problem
2. ) Gather information
3. ) Form a hypothesis
4. ) Test the hypothesis.
5. ) Analyze data
6. ) Make a conclusion
7. ) Repeat
296
What is the difference between atomic and mass number?
Atomic- # of protons
| Mass- # of protons and neutrons
297
What are chemical properties?
Quality that can be established only by changing a substance's chemical identity.
298
What are physical properties?
Quality you can observe or quality in a certain state of matter.
299
How can be enzyme activity can be regulated?
pH, temperature, other enzymes
300
What are 4 major organic compounds for biological importance?
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins.
301
What does Biuret test for?
Protein
302
What does Benedict's solution test for?
Monosaccharides
303
What does brown paper test for?
Lipids
304
What does iodine test for?
polysaccharides
305
The removal of water when a compound is formed is called __________.
dehydration synthesis
306
The internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and one proteins are modified.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
307
Cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell.
Lysosome
308
Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.
Mitochondria
309
Found in chloroplasts and mitochondria
Organelle DNA
310
Network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape.
Cytoskeleton
311
Structure that contains the cell's genetic material and controls the cell's activities.
Nucleus
312
Granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins.
Chromatin
313
Threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next. (condensed chromatin)
Chromosomes
