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Biology Flashcards

0
Q

What is absorbed in the stomach ?

Alcohol amino acids monosaccharides or small fatty acids

A

Alcohol

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1
Q

Marian syndrome is an inherited disorder with a deleterious effect on the connective protein fibrillin. What are common symptoms ?

A

Heart defects
Loose joints
Nearsightedness

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2
Q

Chemosynthetic bacteria oxidize what element to harvest the energy to make glucose ?

A

Sulfur

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3
Q

The 5 types of immunoglobulins are secreted from which type of cell?

A

Differentiated b lymphocytes

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4
Q

Compared to inhaled air , the partial pressure of co2 in the pulmonary capillaries is ?

A

Greater

Co2 diffuses out and oxygen diffuses into the blood

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5
Q

A patient with renal failure has nephrons which lack the ability to actively secrete or reabsorbed any substances. What can they still perform ?

A

Removal of salt from blood

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6
Q

If o18 labelled glucose is given to a human , where will the label first appear ?

A

Exhaled co2

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7
Q

What is not reabsorbed from the tubules of the nephron ?

Water glucose amino acids proteins

A

Proteins. They aren’t filtered through in the first place

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8
Q

If a patient with high blood glucose levels (diabetic ) accidentally took an overdose of insulin , what would most likely occur ?

A

Convulsions due to decreases blood glucose concentration

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9
Q

In the kidneys the osmolarity gradient between the interstitial fluid and the fluid in the nephron is greatest at ?

A

Descending loop

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10
Q

Fossils that are impressions left by an organism are known as

A

Imprints

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11
Q

Form hollow spaces of rocks as the organism decays

A

Molds

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12
Q

Formed by minerals deposited in Molds

A

Casts

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13
Q

Minerals replace an organisms cells

A

Petrification

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14
Q

What are used by plants to absorb copper and other minerals

A

Epidermis

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15
Q

Where does the food go when the tongue pushes it back to be swallowed ?

A

Pharynx

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16
Q

What is the function of dendrites ?

A

Increase surface area

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17
Q

The site of glycogenesis ?

A

Liver

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18
Q

What are found only in prokaryote ?

A

Pilli. They are used to move DNA from cell to cell in conjugation

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19
Q

Nitrogen from the atmosphere to ammonia ?

A

Nitrogen fixation

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20
Q

Allergies are caused by ?

A

An over reaction to harmless materials such as pollen of milk

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21
Q

The mechanism which muscles can male an appendage in two different directions involves ?

A

Opposing muscles

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22
Q

A mushroom is a ___ structure of a fungus ?

A

Reproductive

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23
Q

A natural defence for fungal infections is ?

A

Sebaceous glands

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24
Q

How many layers of phospholipid is in the cell membrane ?

A

2

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25
Q

What are microfilaments made out of ?

A

Actin

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26
Q

Euglena and trichiphyton. What are they ?

A

Protozoan

Fungi

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27
Q

What wouldn’t be found in a human cell ?

A

Plasmid

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28
Q

Removal of the thymus would affect ?

A

The immune response

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29
Q

Study of fungi?

A

Mycology

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30
Q

Limnology?

A

the scientific study of bodies of fresh water, as lakes and ponds, with reference to their physical, geographical, biological, and other features.

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31
Q

What types of infections would best be treated by penicillins ?

A

Gram positive

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32
Q

What controls the growth of bone ?

A

Pituitary gland

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33
Q

In the light reaction?

A

H20 is broken down and ATP is produced

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34
Q

Steroid hormones are produced by the ?

A

Reproductive organs and adrenal glands

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35
Q

The parents of a hemophiliac female must be ?

A

A carrier mother and a hemophiliac father

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36
Q

The disease Reye’s syndrome is linked with the use of

A

Aspirin

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37
Q

The binding of ubiquitin triggers ?

A

Proteosomal degradation of protein

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38
Q

In bacteria the electron transport chain is ?

A

On the cell membrane

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39
Q

Where will you find unmyelinated neurons ?

A

Grey matter

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40
Q

A deficiency in folate leads to?

A

Anemia

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41
Q

This disease can be inherited as two mutations leading to an enzyme defect which causes the buildup of lipids in the Brian

A

Tay Sachs

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42
Q

A man has XXY will have ?

A

Kleinfters

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43
Q

Clostridium botulinum can grow in sediments on lake bottoms if ?

A

Oxygen is absent

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44
Q

Where bacteria concert ammonia to nitrate

A

Nitrification

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45
Q

Do viruses have ribosomes ?

A

No

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46
Q

Primary function of bacteria in ecosystems ?

A

Decomposes

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47
Q

Salmonella ?

A

Bacterium associated with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

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48
Q

Movement of potassium and sodium across cell membranes by the sodium potassium pump is a type of ___ transport

A

Active

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49
Q

Small circular piece of DNA which has a limited number of genes and replicates independently of the chromosome

A

Plasmid

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50
Q

In the dark of photosynthesis ?

A

Co2 is fixed

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51
Q

Thermoreceptors and touch receptors are found in ?

A

Dermis

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52
Q

With regard to the hindbrain midbrain and forebrain what happens to these structures when fish evolve into mammals ?

A

Forebrain larger , midbrain and hindbrain smaller

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53
Q

Electron transport takes places in this organelle

A

Chloroplast

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54
Q

Correct G protein coupled receptor sequence of events ?

A

Protein binds to receptor - activated G protein - activates as emulate Cyclase - converts ATP to camp

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55
Q

What would be impacted by both rabies and meningitis

A

Central nervous system. Meningitis affects the lining of the brain and rabies does damage to the brain after travelling through the spinal cord

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56
Q

When an action potential is generated in a neuron , what leaks out and what comes in ?

A

Na comes in

K leaks out

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57
Q

When an organism alternates between a free living gametophyte and a free living sporophyte or haploid and diploid forms this is known as ?

A

Alternation of generations

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58
Q

Lack of flat bones of the skull and most of the brain

A

Anencephaly

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59
Q

Removal of water and other waste products ?

Modifies substances by adding carbohydrates , modifies protein for transport , packages substances within vesicles for excretion

A

Vacuoles

Golgi apparatus

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60
Q

I’m what phase would the growth curve of bacteria have the most growth ?

A

Log

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61
Q

What is formed during translation

A

Polypeptides / proteins

62
Q

What are each of these caused by:

Anthrax
Chicken pox
Candidiasis
Sleeping sickness

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungus
Protozoan

63
Q

Function of Grinding or mechanical breakdown of food in worms and animals

A

Gizzard

64
Q

Too many chromosomes

Too few chromosomes

A

Polyploidy

Aneuploidy

65
Q

A B and O are different __

A

Alleles on chromosome 9 for the ABO antigens

66
Q

How do fungi eat and digest food ?

A

Externally while they grow on it. Secreting enzymes to break it down

67
Q

When you have a parasitic worm infecting you , these release toxins to harm or destroy them

A

Eosinophils

68
Q 
Which are anabolism and which are catabolism ?
Light reaction
Dark reaction
Nitrogen fixation 
Kreb cycle
A

Kreb cycle is catabolism. Rest are anabolism

69
Q

Bacteria are the only group having different members belonging to these two taxonomical units

A

Kingdom and domain

70
Q

Best option for curing Tay Sachs disease ?

A

Inserting a new gene

71
Q

What cell lines the intestinal tracts of the villi and in the gastric pits ?

A

Goblet cells

72
Q

If the father is colour blind and the mother is a carrier for the colour blind gene ? What element of their offspring will be colour blind ?

A

50 percent

73
Q

Monocots vs dicots ?

A

Grasses vs shrubs and trees

74
Q

During early pregnancy , if HCG is not present what happens ?

A

Pregnancy fails past the 4th month / 16 weeks

75
Q

What is x linked inheritance and what is not ?
Sickle cell anemia
Red green colour blindness
Albinism

A

Colour blindness only

76
Q

What regulates blood pressure ?

Thyroxin or aldosterone

A

Aldosterone

77
Q

What types of muscle are striated ?

A

Skeletal and cardiac

78
Q

Symbiosis ?
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism

A

Two organisms living together in a relationship
Harms one/ helps the other
Helps both
Helps one but not the other (no effect)

79
Q

A ____ infection will most likely lead to transformation (conversion to malignancy or cancer ).

Permissive , cytolytic and productive will most likely lead to ?

A

Persistent

Kill the infected cell

80
Q

Creation of cavities by separating out existing cells

A

Schizogeny

81
Q

Specialized epithelial cell in the mucous membrane lining of the small intestine at the base of tubelike depressions called liberkuhn glands . They secrete peptidase: breaks peptide molecules into amino acids

A

Paneth cell

82
Q

Primarily stimulates the consumption of oxygen and thus the metabolism. Of all cells and tissues in the body. Formed with iodine to tyrosine

A

Thyroxine from thyroid gland

83
Q

Centromere vs centrioles

A

Joins paired chromosomes

At corners of the cell where spindles come out and attach to the centromeres

84
Q

Giardia, a flagellated protozoan( and other parasitic protozoans) survive difficult conditions inside the stomach and out by ?

A

Making a cyst

85
Q

Where does peristalsis start?

A

Esophagus

86
Q

Where are steroid hormones produced ?

A

Reproductive glands and renal glands

87
Q

What does cocaine do to the body?

A

Blocks reabsorption of norepinephrine giving a rush of pleasure

88
Q

Why siblings share some traits but not others ?

A

Independent assortment of genetic traits that are different chromosomes

89
Q

Gene movement within a chromosome occurs due to ?

A

Transposons

90
Q

An infection acquired because of being in the hospital ?

A

Nosocomial infection

91
Q

Clostridium?

A

Anaerobic

Causes tetanus and botulism

92
Q

What phosphorylates glucose ?

A

Hexokinase

93
Q

Viruses use this to attach to host cells

A

Protein. Viruses use them in their capsid or spike proteins in their envelope to attach to host cells they are going to infect

94
Q 
What is not part of the digestive tract 
Larynx
Colon 
Pancreas
Esophagus
A

Larynx

95
Q

Function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase(or any enzyme )

A

Lower reaction energy

96
Q

Mycorrhizae have the same function as ?

A

Hair roots. Increase the surface area for absorption

97
Q

Can a lichen fungal partner live independently of the photosynthetic partner ?(algae or Cyanobacteria)

A

No

98
Q

RNA viruses that use the enzyme reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from it’s RNA genome

A

Retroviruses

99
Q

Pertussis ?

A

Another name for whooping cough. Bacterial infection of the lining of the lungs

100
Q

Phenylketonuria?

A

Lack an enzyme to metabolize phenyl alanine which leads to a harmful buildup

101
Q 
Which do not produce peptide or protein hormones 
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland 
Thyroid gland
Pancreas 
Parathyroid gland 
Reproductive gland
Adrenal gland
A

Reproductive and adrenal

102
Q

Infectious diseases being spread between animals and humans

A

Zoonotic

103
Q

” not being delivered via the intestinal tract “

A

Parenteral

104
Q

The presence of one or more additional disorders occurring with a primary disease or disorder

A

Comorbidity

105
Q

Speciation by geographic isolation

A

Allotropic speciation

106
Q

Tiny opening or pore used for gas exchange. Under surface of plant leaves

A

Stomata

107
Q

Most common cause illnesses of respiratory systems

A

Adenovirus

108
Q

Not enough vitamin b12?

A

Vitamin b12 anemia

109
Q

Cause the infection of the scalp known as tinea capitis?

A

Trichophyton

Epidermophyton

110
Q

Many viruses penetrate into cells by ?

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis. They trick the cell into doing this.

111
Q

If a bat bit you what would you get ?

A

Rabies. This is a disease of mammals. The most commons ones are bats raccoons and skunks

112
Q

What is the function of tropic hormones

A

Control the activity of endocrine glands

113
Q

What would kill endospores ?

A

Auto claving. Achieving sterility

114
Q

Pellagra is a deficiency of ?
Beriberi?
Rickets?

A

Niacin
Thiamin
Vitamin d

115
Q 
What does not have mitochondria ?
Plants
Bacteria
Protozoans
Fungi
A

Bacteria

116
Q

What region of the eye contains receptors for sensing light ?

A

Retina this is the layer of sensory cells

117
Q

Nutrients travel more slowly by diffusion I cartilage than in bone. This is a reason why ?

A

Cartilage takes a long time to heal

118
Q

In the bloodstream which antibody is in the highest amount ?

A

IgG

119
Q

Certain fertility drugs work by triggering low levels of estrogen . These low levels cause or allow?

A

An increase in FSH and LH levels. This leads to ovulation

120
Q

What does not have organelles or membranes

A

Viruses. They are nucleon acid wrapped in protein

121
Q

A defect in this enzyme would lead to unconnected Okazaki fragments

A

DNA ligase 1

122
Q

Mushrooms , puffballs and stinkhorns belong to what group or phylum of fungi ?

A

Basidomycota the “club fungi”

123
Q

In the drug synergy that occurs when using drugs such as penicillin and streptomycin together we see that ?

A

Each drug amplifies the effect of the other

124
Q

Largest organ in the immune system ?

A

Spleen

125
Q

What’s involved in protecting the brain ?

A

Pia matter , arachnoid membrane , dura mater

126
Q

Why can cows break down cellulose

A

Multiple stomachs , microbes in rumen break it down

127
Q 
What would not be found in a vaccine 
Toxoids
Antibodies
Live virus
Killed virus
A

Antibodies

Vaccines are made from antigens / microbes , either live(attenuated) dead or part of one (toxoid)

128
Q

One of the defining characteristics of chordate sis

A

A hollow dorsal notochord

Segmentation occurs in these , anthropods and Annelids

129
Q

A person is on a 3000 calorie diet and consumes 100 g of fat. What percent of their total calories come from fat.

A

9cal/gram.

So 900/3000. = 30 percent

130
Q

A person missing their gut bacteria or microbiots would be deficient in what vitamins ?

A

B12 , k and B1

131
Q

What phase does DNA replication take place ?

A

S phase

132
Q

Least to most tightly would of these

DNA
Chromosome
30nm fiber
Nucleosome

A

DNA nucleosome fiber chromosome

133
Q

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that ?

A

Assembles nucleotides into DNA

134
Q

Plants that have bacteria living in their roots in a symbiotic relationship are found in

A

Nutrient poor soil. Normally these are Cyanobacteria that undergo nitrogen fixation

135
Q

Hypothalamus function ?

A

Produces the reproductive hormone oxytocin and controls body temperature

136
Q

What makes antibodies

A

Plasma cells that are differentiated b lymphocytes. They produce antibodies and then die

137
Q

Apoptosis is important in ?

A

Development

138
Q

What does the spleen do

A

Removes old blood cells

139
Q

B vs t lymphocyte maturation area ?

A

Bone marrow vs thymus

140
Q

Function of NAD+

A

Transferring electrons between reactions

141
Q

What enzyme plays a role in the etc

A

NADH dehydrogenase

142
Q

Pseudopodia?

A

Used by ameba for moving and eating

143
Q

Increase in immunoglobulin production would be triggered by?

A

Antigen presentation

144
Q

Most of the energy lost during cellular respiration is lost as

Carbon dioxide, protons or heat?

A

Heat !

145
Q

Second step in photosynthesis

A

Calvin cycle

146
Q 
What cell when matured does not have a nucleus 
Neutrophil 
RBc 
Neuron 
Adipocytes
A

RBc

147
Q

Where does most of the absorption of water take place

A

Colon

148
Q

What characteristics do Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease have in common ?

A

Zoonoses and transmitted by ticks

149
Q

Best drug to treat strept throat (streptococcal pharyngitis)

A

Ampicillin because it’s gram positive

150
Q

How many codons

A

64

151
Q

Primary function of fungi in ecosystems

A

Decomposes

152
Q

Using penicillin at the same time as a drug that opens up pores in bacterial cell was will lead to or is an example of ?

A

Synergy

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