Biology Flashcards
What is absorbed in the stomach ?
Alcohol amino acids monosaccharides or small fatty acids
Alcohol
Marian syndrome is an inherited disorder with a deleterious effect on the connective protein fibrillin. What are common symptoms ?
Heart defects
Loose joints
Nearsightedness
Chemosynthetic bacteria oxidize what element to harvest the energy to make glucose ?
Sulfur
The 5 types of immunoglobulins are secreted from which type of cell?
Differentiated b lymphocytes
Compared to inhaled air , the partial pressure of co2 in the pulmonary capillaries is ?
Greater
Co2 diffuses out and oxygen diffuses into the blood
A patient with renal failure has nephrons which lack the ability to actively secrete or reabsorbed any substances. What can they still perform ?
Removal of salt from blood
If o18 labelled glucose is given to a human , where will the label first appear ?
Exhaled co2
What is not reabsorbed from the tubules of the nephron ?
Water glucose amino acids proteins
Proteins. They aren’t filtered through in the first place
If a patient with high blood glucose levels (diabetic ) accidentally took an overdose of insulin , what would most likely occur ?
Convulsions due to decreases blood glucose concentration
In the kidneys the osmolarity gradient between the interstitial fluid and the fluid in the nephron is greatest at ?
Descending loop
Fossils that are impressions left by an organism are known as
Imprints
Form hollow spaces of rocks as the organism decays
Molds
Formed by minerals deposited in Molds
Casts
Minerals replace an organisms cells
Petrification
What are used by plants to absorb copper and other minerals
Epidermis
Where does the food go when the tongue pushes it back to be swallowed ?
Pharynx
What is the function of dendrites ?
Increase surface area
The site of glycogenesis ?
Liver
What are found only in prokaryote ?
Pilli. They are used to move DNA from cell to cell in conjugation
Nitrogen from the atmosphere to ammonia ?
Nitrogen fixation
Allergies are caused by ?
An over reaction to harmless materials such as pollen of milk
The mechanism which muscles can male an appendage in two different directions involves ?
Opposing muscles
A mushroom is a ___ structure of a fungus ?
Reproductive
A natural defence for fungal infections is ?
Sebaceous glands
How many layers of phospholipid is in the cell membrane ?
2
What are microfilaments made out of ?
Actin
Euglena and trichiphyton. What are they ?
Protozoan
Fungi
What wouldn’t be found in a human cell ?
Plasmid
Removal of the thymus would affect ?
The immune response
Study of fungi?
Mycology
Limnology?
the scientific study of bodies of fresh water, as lakes and ponds, with reference to their physical, geographical, biological, and other features.
What types of infections would best be treated by penicillins ?
Gram positive
What controls the growth of bone ?
Pituitary gland
In the light reaction?
H20 is broken down and ATP is produced
Steroid hormones are produced by the ?
Reproductive organs and adrenal glands
The parents of a hemophiliac female must be ?
A carrier mother and a hemophiliac father
The disease Reye’s syndrome is linked with the use of
Aspirin
The binding of ubiquitin triggers ?
Proteosomal degradation of protein
In bacteria the electron transport chain is ?
On the cell membrane
Where will you find unmyelinated neurons ?
Grey matter
A deficiency in folate leads to?
Anemia
This disease can be inherited as two mutations leading to an enzyme defect which causes the buildup of lipids in the Brian
Tay Sachs
A man has XXY will have ?
Kleinfters
Clostridium botulinum can grow in sediments on lake bottoms if ?
Oxygen is absent
Where bacteria concert ammonia to nitrate
Nitrification
Do viruses have ribosomes ?
No
Primary function of bacteria in ecosystems ?
Decomposes
Salmonella ?
Bacterium associated with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract
Movement of potassium and sodium across cell membranes by the sodium potassium pump is a type of ___ transport
Active
Small circular piece of DNA which has a limited number of genes and replicates independently of the chromosome
Plasmid
In the dark of photosynthesis ?
Co2 is fixed
Thermoreceptors and touch receptors are found in ?
Dermis
With regard to the hindbrain midbrain and forebrain what happens to these structures when fish evolve into mammals ?
Forebrain larger , midbrain and hindbrain smaller
Electron transport takes places in this organelle
Chloroplast
Correct G protein coupled receptor sequence of events ?
Protein binds to receptor - activated G protein - activates as emulate Cyclase - converts ATP to camp
What would be impacted by both rabies and meningitis
Central nervous system. Meningitis affects the lining of the brain and rabies does damage to the brain after travelling through the spinal cord
When an action potential is generated in a neuron , what leaks out and what comes in ?
Na comes in
K leaks out
When an organism alternates between a free living gametophyte and a free living sporophyte or haploid and diploid forms this is known as ?
Alternation of generations
Lack of flat bones of the skull and most of the brain
Anencephaly
Removal of water and other waste products ?
Modifies substances by adding carbohydrates , modifies protein for transport , packages substances within vesicles for excretion
Vacuoles
Golgi apparatus
I’m what phase would the growth curve of bacteria have the most growth ?
Log
What is formed during translation
Polypeptides / proteins
What are each of these caused by:
Anthrax
Chicken pox
Candidiasis
Sleeping sickness
Bacteria
Virus
Fungus
Protozoan
Function of Grinding or mechanical breakdown of food in worms and animals
Gizzard
Too many chromosomes
Too few chromosomes
Polyploidy
Aneuploidy
A B and O are different __
Alleles on chromosome 9 for the ABO antigens
How do fungi eat and digest food ?
Externally while they grow on it. Secreting enzymes to break it down
When you have a parasitic worm infecting you , these release toxins to harm or destroy them
Eosinophils
Which are anabolism and which are catabolism ? Light reaction Dark reaction Nitrogen fixation Kreb cycle
Kreb cycle is catabolism. Rest are anabolism
Bacteria are the only group having different members belonging to these two taxonomical units
Kingdom and domain
Best option for curing Tay Sachs disease ?
Inserting a new gene
What cell lines the intestinal tracts of the villi and in the gastric pits ?
Goblet cells
If the father is colour blind and the mother is a carrier for the colour blind gene ? What element of their offspring will be colour blind ?
50 percent
Monocots vs dicots ?
Grasses vs shrubs and trees
During early pregnancy , if HCG is not present what happens ?
Pregnancy fails past the 4th month / 16 weeks
What is x linked inheritance and what is not ?
Sickle cell anemia
Red green colour blindness
Albinism
Colour blindness only
What regulates blood pressure ?
Thyroxin or aldosterone
Aldosterone
What types of muscle are striated ?
Skeletal and cardiac
Symbiosis ?
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
Two organisms living together in a relationship
Harms one/ helps the other
Helps both
Helps one but not the other (no effect)
A ____ infection will most likely lead to transformation (conversion to malignancy or cancer ).
Permissive , cytolytic and productive will most likely lead to ?
Persistent
Kill the infected cell
Creation of cavities by separating out existing cells
Schizogeny
Specialized epithelial cell in the mucous membrane lining of the small intestine at the base of tubelike depressions called liberkuhn glands . They secrete peptidase: breaks peptide molecules into amino acids
Paneth cell
Primarily stimulates the consumption of oxygen and thus the metabolism. Of all cells and tissues in the body. Formed with iodine to tyrosine
Thyroxine from thyroid gland
Centromere vs centrioles
Joins paired chromosomes
At corners of the cell where spindles come out and attach to the centromeres
Giardia, a flagellated protozoan( and other parasitic protozoans) survive difficult conditions inside the stomach and out by ?
Making a cyst
Where does peristalsis start?
Esophagus
Where are steroid hormones produced ?
Reproductive glands and renal glands
What does cocaine do to the body?
Blocks reabsorption of norepinephrine giving a rush of pleasure
Why siblings share some traits but not others ?
Independent assortment of genetic traits that are different chromosomes
Gene movement within a chromosome occurs due to ?
Transposons
An infection acquired because of being in the hospital ?
Nosocomial infection
Clostridium?
Anaerobic
Causes tetanus and botulism
What phosphorylates glucose ?
Hexokinase
Viruses use this to attach to host cells
Protein. Viruses use them in their capsid or spike proteins in their envelope to attach to host cells they are going to infect
What is not part of the digestive tract Larynx Colon Pancreas Esophagus
Larynx
Function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase(or any enzyme )
Lower reaction energy
Mycorrhizae have the same function as ?
Hair roots. Increase the surface area for absorption
Can a lichen fungal partner live independently of the photosynthetic partner ?(algae or Cyanobacteria)
No
RNA viruses that use the enzyme reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from it’s RNA genome
Retroviruses
Pertussis ?
Another name for whooping cough. Bacterial infection of the lining of the lungs
Phenylketonuria?
Lack an enzyme to metabolize phenyl alanine which leads to a harmful buildup
Which do not produce peptide or protein hormones Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Pancreas Parathyroid gland Reproductive gland Adrenal gland
Reproductive and adrenal
Infectious diseases being spread between animals and humans
Zoonotic
” not being delivered via the intestinal tract “
Parenteral
The presence of one or more additional disorders occurring with a primary disease or disorder
Comorbidity
Speciation by geographic isolation
Allotropic speciation
Tiny opening or pore used for gas exchange. Under surface of plant leaves
Stomata
Most common cause illnesses of respiratory systems
Adenovirus
Not enough vitamin b12?
Vitamin b12 anemia
Cause the infection of the scalp known as tinea capitis?
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton
Many viruses penetrate into cells by ?
Receptor mediated endocytosis. They trick the cell into doing this.
If a bat bit you what would you get ?
Rabies. This is a disease of mammals. The most commons ones are bats raccoons and skunks
What is the function of tropic hormones
Control the activity of endocrine glands
What would kill endospores ?
Auto claving. Achieving sterility
Pellagra is a deficiency of ?
Beriberi?
Rickets?
Niacin
Thiamin
Vitamin d
What does not have mitochondria ? Plants Bacteria Protozoans Fungi
Bacteria
What region of the eye contains receptors for sensing light ?
Retina this is the layer of sensory cells
Nutrients travel more slowly by diffusion I cartilage than in bone. This is a reason why ?
Cartilage takes a long time to heal
In the bloodstream which antibody is in the highest amount ?
IgG
Certain fertility drugs work by triggering low levels of estrogen . These low levels cause or allow?
An increase in FSH and LH levels. This leads to ovulation
What does not have organelles or membranes
Viruses. They are nucleon acid wrapped in protein
A defect in this enzyme would lead to unconnected Okazaki fragments
DNA ligase 1
Mushrooms , puffballs and stinkhorns belong to what group or phylum of fungi ?
Basidomycota the “club fungi”
In the drug synergy that occurs when using drugs such as penicillin and streptomycin together we see that ?
Each drug amplifies the effect of the other
Largest organ in the immune system ?
Spleen
What’s involved in protecting the brain ?
Pia matter , arachnoid membrane , dura mater
Why can cows break down cellulose
Multiple stomachs , microbes in rumen break it down
What would not be found in a vaccine Toxoids Antibodies Live virus Killed virus
Antibodies
Vaccines are made from antigens / microbes , either live(attenuated) dead or part of one (toxoid)
One of the defining characteristics of chordate sis
A hollow dorsal notochord
Segmentation occurs in these , anthropods and Annelids
A person is on a 3000 calorie diet and consumes 100 g of fat. What percent of their total calories come from fat.
9cal/gram.
So 900/3000. = 30 percent
A person missing their gut bacteria or microbiots would be deficient in what vitamins ?
B12 , k and B1
What phase does DNA replication take place ?
S phase
Least to most tightly would of these
DNA
Chromosome
30nm fiber
Nucleosome
DNA nucleosome fiber chromosome
DNA polymerase is an enzyme that ?
Assembles nucleotides into DNA
Plants that have bacteria living in their roots in a symbiotic relationship are found in
Nutrient poor soil. Normally these are Cyanobacteria that undergo nitrogen fixation
Hypothalamus function ?
Produces the reproductive hormone oxytocin and controls body temperature
What makes antibodies
Plasma cells that are differentiated b lymphocytes. They produce antibodies and then die
Apoptosis is important in ?
Development
What does the spleen do
Removes old blood cells
B vs t lymphocyte maturation area ?
Bone marrow vs thymus
Function of NAD+
Transferring electrons between reactions
What enzyme plays a role in the etc
NADH dehydrogenase
Pseudopodia?
Used by ameba for moving and eating
Increase in immunoglobulin production would be triggered by?
Antigen presentation
Most of the energy lost during cellular respiration is lost as
Carbon dioxide, protons or heat?
Heat !
Second step in photosynthesis
Calvin cycle
What cell when matured does not have a nucleus Neutrophil RBc Neuron Adipocytes
RBc
Where does most of the absorption of water take place
Colon
What characteristics do Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease have in common ?
Zoonoses and transmitted by ticks
Best drug to treat strept throat (streptococcal pharyngitis)
Ampicillin because it’s gram positive
How many codons
64
Primary function of fungi in ecosystems
Decomposes
Using penicillin at the same time as a drug that opens up pores in bacterial cell was will lead to or is an example of ?
Synergy
