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Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Nucleus:

A

Controls the cell. It contains information needed to produce a new living organism.

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1
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of all living things?

A 
Movement 
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
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2
Q

Cytoplasm:

A

Liquid where chemical reactions take place.

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3
Q

Cell membrane:

A

Holds the cell together and controls what passes in an out of the cell.

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4
Q

Cell wall (plant cell):

A

Made of cellulose which gives a plant strength and support.

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5
Q

Vacuole (plant cell):

A

Contains a weak solution of salt and sugar called cell sap.

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6
Q

Chloroplasts (plant cell):

A

Contains a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the suns energy for photosynthesis.

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7
Q

Cell division - what is the process of cells multiplying into exact copies?

A

Mitosis

Meiosis occurs when producing sex cells

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8
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells working together.

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9
Q

What’s an organ?

A

An organ is made up of different tissues working together.

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10
Q

How are organ systems made?

A

Through cells, tissues and organs, all of these cells make up an organ system.

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11
Q

What are special cells?

A

They can change shape to carry out another cell’s job.

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12
Q

Special animal cells
Red blood
Sperm
Nerve

A

It has a tail to move

They can carry oxygen around the body

Shaped like wires to send messages around the body.

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13
Q

Special plant cells
Palisade
Root

A

Have a lot of chloroplasts

Root hair is long and thin to absorb water and minerals from the soil.

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14
Q

Organ systems

Name at least 5:

A 
Skeletal 
Muscle
Respiratory
Digestive
Circulatory
Reproductive
Excretory
Nervous
Endocrine
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15
Q

What is diabetes?

A

When the pancreas isn’t making enough hormone insulin. The insulin makes sure your body has enough glucose.

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16
Q

What are the organs in the excretory system?

A

Kidneys and the bladder

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17
Q

What are phloem tubes?

A

They carry glucose made by leaves

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18
Q

What do carbohydrates do?

A

Give us energy

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19
Q

Chemical test for starch:

A

Iodine solution

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20
Q

Test for glucose:

A

Benedict’s solution:

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21
Q

Why do we need protein?

A

Repair and replace cells

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22
Q

Energy depends on…

A

Someone’s…
Size
Age
Activity

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23
Q

Test for protein:

A

Biuret test

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24
Q

What are enzymes?

A

There are 3
Protease
Amylase
Lipase

They break up the molecules so they are small enough to be absorbed.

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25
Q

What is a villi?

A

During absorption in the small intestine, they extend from the wall.

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26
Q

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

A

Arteries are thicker and carry oxygenated blood.

Veins are thinner and carry deoxygenated blood.

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27
Q

What are the for chambers of the heart?

A

L and R atria

L and R ventricle

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28
Q

What is a capillary?

A

One cell thick.
They have very thin walls to allow oxygen and nutrients to diffuse out of them.
Small branches between an artery and a vein which exchanges substances.

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29
Q

Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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30
Q

Which side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood.

A

Right

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31
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Protects us against diseases

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32
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

They carry oxygen to the cells in the body. They carry haemoglobin and have no nucleus. They are small enough to fit through capillaries.

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33
Q

What does plasma do?

A

Carry substances around the body.

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34
Q

Where are joints?

A

Where 2 bones meet.

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35
Q

What is the skeleton for?

A

Support
Protection
Movement

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36
Q

What’s the movement of air called?

A

Ventilation

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37
Q

What is respiration?

A

It is NOT breathing in and out. It’s a chemical reaction that breaks down glucose from food to release energy using oxygen

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38
Q

What is an alveoli?

A

It’s where gas exchange occurs (veins carry blood to the alveoli and as it travels around the air-sack,it picks up oxygen)

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39
Q

What is a microbe?

A

A microorganism especially a bacterium, which causes fermentation.

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40
Q

4 main types of microbe:

A

Protozoa
Bacteria
Fungi
Virus

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41
Q

What is a virus gene like?

A

Protein coat
Genetic material
3 tail shape

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42
Q

2 ways for white blood cells to kill microbes:

A

Engulf the bacteria or antibodies fight them.

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43
Q

What is natural immunity?

A

When you have caught the disease once before and still have antibodies in your body, your body is prepared for the disease.

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44
Q

What is artificial immunity?

A

It involves the use of vaccines. (A vaccine contains dead or harmless microbes.) your white blood cells still react to these microbes and antibodies are produced. You would then be immune

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45
Q

Carpel (female) parts of a flower…

A

Stigma
Style
Ovary

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46
Q

Stamen (male) parts of a flower…

A

Petal
Anther
Filament
Sepal

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47
Q

What is self and cross pollination.

A

Self is when insects or the wind carries pollen from the anther to the stigma.

Cross is when insects or the wind carries pollen from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another.

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48
Q

What’s classification?

A

It’s how scientists group different living organisms. There are 2 main areas. The animal kingdom and the plant kingdom.

49
Q

What is a vertebrates

A

Animals with a backbone (spine)

Invertebrates don’t have a spine

50
Q

What are the vertebrates of the animal kingdom?

A 
Fish - live in water
Amphibians - live on water and land
Mammals - have hair on their bodies
Reptiles - dry and scaly 
Birds - feathers and wings. Lay eggs.
51
Q

What are keys (in classification):

A

A way to identify a certain type of animal e.g.

                 Has it got legs

Has it got wings Has it got a shell

E.t.c.

52
Q

Is someone’s blood group inherited or due to the environment?

A

Inherited

53
Q

What are the food groups?

7

A 
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Minerals
Vitamins
Water 
Fibre
54
Q

What’s a balanced diet?

A

It is a diet which provides you with the correct amount of food from all food groups.

55
Q

What do carbohydrates provide you with?

A

Slow release (initial source of) energy.

56
Q

What do proteins provide you with?

A

Growth and repair of cells.

Healing.

57
Q

What do fats provide you with?

A 
Stored energy (often stored around organs)
Insulation
58
Q

What do vitamins provide you with?

A

Cell production.

59
Q

What do minerals provide you with?

A

Cell production.

60
Q

What’s the equation to work out BMI?

Body Mass Index

A

BMI = weight (kg) / height (m squared)

61
Q

What are the three types of sugar and what are they found in?

A

Sucrose - in foods e.g. tea
Lactose - in milk
Glucose - in our bodies

62
Q

What are fat molecules made up of?

A

A glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules.

63
Q

What are the 2 types of fat?

A

Saturated fats from animals

Unsaturated fats from plants

64
Q

What is cholesterol

A

A chemical made in the liver and found in the blood, amounts of which depend on our diet. High levels lead to heart diseases and high blood pressure.

65
Q

How do you become obese?

A

If your energy intake is higher than your energy out-take.

66
Q

Can fibre be digested?

A

No

67
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Break up molecules within the body

68
Q

What is a pathogen / microbe?

A

An organism that causes diseases

69
Q

4 main types of pathogen / microbe:

A

Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa

70
Q

How do pathogens cause illness?

A

By toxins, reproduction or immune response.

71
Q

What are the steps to prepare an agar plate?

A
  1. Wash your hand and the surrounding objects and areas / surfaces.
  2. Pass the neck of the bottle containing the agar jelly through a flame to kill any microbes.
  3. Take a sterile dish and pour the jelly in and leave it to set.
  4. Take a sterilised loop of metal or sterilised pipette (sterilised by either flame, vacuum or cleaning).
  5. Take a sample of the microbe using the metal loop or pipette.
  6. Lift the lid, at a slight 45* angle to not allow any other microbes in, and put the microbe sample onto the set agar plate.
  7. Put the lid back onto the plate and seal it.
  8. Label the dish, put a safety hazard sign on it and put it somewhere to allow it to grow.
  9. When done, wash hands and surfaces.
72
Q

What is MRSA?

A

It stands for methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus.
It is a bacteria which can mutate and cannot be cured by antibiotics.
It spreads very easily and, despite living on our skin safely, can kill.
It can’t be cured but medicine can be given to ease the symptoms.

73
Q

How can pathogens be transmitted?

A 
Food and water
Insect bites (animals)
Airborne  droplets/ bodily fluids
Direct contact
Indirect contact
74
Q

What are the body’s natural defences?

A

Ears - contain wax (which repel insects) and hairs
Lungs - have a lot of mucus to catch any microbes and can then be spat out. There are also small hairs, cilia cells, which move the mucus and stop any microbes.
Eyes - eye lashes, eye lids, eye brows and antiseptic tears.
Nose - hair and mucus
Mouth - antiseptic chemicals in saliva. Tonsils which contain masses of white blood cells.
Stomach - contains hydrochloric acid.

75
Q

What happens if a microbe enters the body?

A

White blood cells defend your body.

76
Q

What are the 2 ways white blood cells attack microbes?

A

Macrophage (also known as phagocyte) (non specific response - ingestion of bacteria)

Lymphocyte (specific response - production of antibodies)

77
Q

How does macrophage / phagocyte work?

A

It’s the ingestion of microbes.

A macrophage cell comes close to the microbe. It changes shape to engulf the microbe (pac-man shape) and it then engulfs and surrounds the microbe. It then releases enzymes to destroy the microbe and it spits it out, keeping in anything useful.

78
Q

What’s an antigen?

A

A ‘code’ like substance on the surface of a microbe which allows your defence system to recognise them.

79
Q

What’s an antibody?

A

They are proteins produced by lymphocytes to counteract / in response to antigens. They work by binding themselves to the antigens, causing them to clump together and will then be destroyed.

80
Q

How do lymphocytes work?

A

It’s a type of white blood cell made from the bone marrow.
T-lymphocytes recognise antigens and either attack directly or coordinate activity of other cells of the immune system.
B-lymphocytes recognise antigens and produce chemicals called antibodies.
Same sized antibodies bind onto the same sized antigens but viruses can change their antigens.

81
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

When you are given antibodies which you haven’t made yourself e.g.

When bitten by a snake, toxins may be released and you must be treated with antivenin which has been produced by injecting and extracting venom from horses.

82
Q

What is active immunity?

A

When you produce your own antibodies and immunity e.g.

Before going on holiday you are given vaccinations which take a while for your body grow immune to. It isn’t instant.

83
Q

What is in an immunity vaccine?

A

A small amount if dead or weakened pathogen particles.

84
Q

How does bacteria cause disease once in the body?

A

It reproduces quickly and releases toxins.

85
Q

What medicine kills bacteria within the body?

A

Antibiotics

86
Q

How does the body protect itself from microbes on the skin if is cut?

A

Blood clots seal the wounds in skin

White blood cells kill any microbes which have entered.

87
Q

How may the invasion force of microbes be very large?

A

Unhygienic conditions

Contact with infected person

88
Q

What does MMR stand for?

A

Measles
Mumps
Rubella

89
Q

What is natural active, artificial active, natural passive and artificial passive immunity?

A

Natural active: when you get a disease and develop immunity to it e.g. Chicken pox

Artificial active: when you get a vaccine for a disease that has been made by dead or weakened pathogens e,g. MMR

Natural passive: when you receive antibodies for a disease from a natural source e.g. Breast feeding

Artificial passive: when you are given antibodies for a disease from an artificial source e,g, snake antivenin

90
Q

How do drug resistant bacteria develop?

A

Their genes mutate. A random mutation can make them resistant. When we take drugs it kills all bacteria except the resistant bacteria which then has more space and food and can develop.

91
Q

Why do drug resistant bacteria spread so fast?

4

A

It survives on skin
In warm environments
Can’t be treated
People with weak immune systems or who are ill or injured can catch it easily.

92
Q

Why are people more likely to get MRSA in a hospital?

A

Patients are ill and weak so they are vulnerable to catching it as their immune systems would be weaker.

It’s very busy and crowded in small spaces, many of the people of which are ill, infected or injured.

Some people have cuts which allows bacteria to enter or even during surgery.

The nurse or examiner could pass it on to another patient who may also have a weaker immune system, being a patient.

Patients with different bacterial infections can lead to the development and mutation of bacteria forming MRSA.

93
Q

What are the 2 main parts to the nervous system?

A
  1. CNS / central nervous system - the brain and spine.

2. Peripheral nervous system made up of receptors, sensory nerves, motor nerves and effectors.

94
Q

What’s a stimuli?

A

The changes in the environment which we detect such as chemical, pressure or temperature changes
e.g. Heat from a hot pan

95
Q

What are receptors?

A

They are what detect the stimuli (changes in the environment) usually sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, skin and tongue) or pain receptors - skin.

96
Q

What are effectors?

A

An organ or cell that acts in response to the stimuli (change in environment).
Something which carries out / brings about the response, usually by a gland or muscle
e.g. When pricked by a pin, you move away by using muscles in the arm.

97
Q

What is a response?

A

It’s how your body reacts to the stimuli (change in environment) e.g. Moving away or flinching.

98
Q

What are the chain of events from the stimulus to the response?

A 
Stimulus
Receptor
Coordinator
Effector
Response
99
Q

What’s the reflex arc?

A

A reflex arc is the nerve pathway which makes such a fast, automatic response possible.

100
Q

How does the reflex arc work?

A

E.g. Reacting to a flame:

Pain receptors in the finger detect the heat from the flame and send a nerve impulse to the spine, in this case through the arm, by the sensory neurone.

The impulse is then passed to the next in the spine by the relay neurone.

Finally, the nerve impulse travels down the motor neurone, in this case down the arm, to the muscle which reacts to the stimulus.

(Order: sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone).

101
Q

What’s a reflex?

A

A fast, automatic, protective response to a stimulus.

102
Q

What are nerves?

A

Nerves (neurones) are specialised cells that can conduct electrical impulses through the body.

103
Q

What’s a synapse?

A

(As nerve cells aren’t joined together) they are the gaps between 2 nerve cells where impulses pass by diffusion of neurotransmitters to continue on the signal.

104
Q

How does a synapse work?

A

Within a neurone, an electrical impulse travels along an axon (taking information away).

This then triggers the nerve ending of a neurone and releases chemical messengers called neurotransmitters.

The neurotransmitters then diffuse (spread out) across the synapse (gap) and join themselves onto receptor molecules of the next neurone.

The receptor molecules of the second neurone only join onto specific chemicals released from the first neurone.

This then stimulates (increases activity) the second neurone to continue transmitting the electrical impulse.

105
Q

What are the main conditions to be maintained within the body?

A

Water
Ions
Temperature
Blood sugar

106
Q

What are our main hormones?

A

Growth - by the pituitary gland • FSH & LH, secreted from birth - 20’s, amount affects size

Insulin - pancreas, secreted when glucose levels in the blood rise, diabetics can’t produce insulin.

Adrenaline - adrenal, secreted when scared, stressed or excited, prepares body or ‘fight or flight’

Thyroxin - thyroid, secreted all the time, too little means you get overweight and vise versa.

Sex -
Male - testosterone, testes, always, controls development
Female - oestrogen and progesterone, ovaries, puberty - 60’s, development.

107
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are chemicals that act like messengers and are secreted by glands and carried in the blood from organ to organ.

108
Q

What is adolescence?

A

The process where a child is developing to an adult.

109
Q

What are the differences between nerves and hormones?

A 
Nerves:
Electrical
Very fast
Lasts a short time
Transported by nerves
Produced by cell body of neurone
Hormones:
Chemical
Slow
Lasts a lot longer
Transported by blood
Produced by glands
110
Q

What’s the menstrual cycle?

A

It is a cycle of ovulation and menstruation controlled by hormones from the ovaries and pituitary gland which cause women to grow an egg, thicken the uterus lining, release the egg and, if the egg is fertilised, maintain the lining otherwise the lining breaks down and the cycle continues.

111
Q

What’s FSH?

A

Standing for follicle stimulating hormone, it is a hormone in men and women which, highest for women in the beginning and end of the menstrual cycle, causes / promotes the growth of an egg or sperm.

112
Q

What’s oestrogen?

A

Found only in women and highest around day 12 of the menstrual cycle, it stops the production of FSH and thickens the uterus lining, promoting the characteristics of the female body.

113
Q

What’s LH?

A

Standing for luteinizing hormone is high around day 13 of MS.
In females, an acute rise of LH triggers ovulation. It causes the egg to be released. In males it stimulates production of testosterone.

114
Q

What’s progesterone?

A

Found in women only and high in day 24 of MS, it maintains the uterus lining and prepares for pregnancy.

115
Q

What are auxins?

A

Plant hormones

116
Q

Where does growth occur in a plant?

A

The tip of the shoots and tip of the roots.

117
Q

What’s a tropism?

A

The turning or respond of an organism due to a stimulus, for plants it’s with light, gravity and water.

118
Q

What’s phototropism?

A

What plants respond to light by turning to grow towards the light.

This is done because auxins are released on the shaded side of the plant shoot, causing it to grow faster than the side facing the light. (Area of elongation).
This causes the plant to grow more on one side and force the plant to bend towards the light.

119
Q

What is geotropism?

A

For roots and leaves to serve their purpose, they must be lower / higher.

If the plant is on it’s side, auxins gather on the lower half of the stem and root.
Auxins then are produced quickly at the top to stimulate growth in the shoot so it works against gravity and curves upwards.
On the other hand, the roots work with gravity as less auxins are released, causing it to grow slowly and downwards.

Science (10 decks)

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