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Biology Year 8 > Biology 2014 8W > Flashcards

Biology 2014 8W Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the functions of protein?

A

For growth and used to make new cells and repair damaged tissue. Protein is known as body building food. Especially important for muscles,hair and nails which are nearly 100% protein. It also gives us energy.

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1
Q

What are some examples of protein?

A

Meat, fish, eggs and nuts.

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2
Q

What happens if there is a lack of protein in your diet?

A

Can lead to a disease called ‘Kwashiorkor’.

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3
Q

What are some examples of carbohydrates?

A

Potatoes, pasta, noodles and sugar.

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4
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

They are important energy foods (high energy foods) and give fuel to the body.
Fuel + Oxygen > Carbon dioxide + Water + (Energy)

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5
Q

What happens if you consume too many carbohydrates in your diet?

A

Can cause a person to become overweight and too much sugar can cause tooth decay.

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6
Q

What are some examples of fats?

A

Butter, lard, oil, biscuits, crisps, cheese and cake.

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7
Q

What are the functions of fats?

A

Insulate body, so you don’t lose heat. That is why fat is stored under the skin. Store of energy which we use when our body runs out of carbs.

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8
Q

What happens if you consume too many fats?

A

You can become overweight and may cause heart disease.

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9
Q

What are some examples of Vitamins?

A

Fruit and vegetables.

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10
Q

What are the functions of Vitamins?

A

They are needed in small amounts to keep us healthy. Helps to control the chemical reactions in bodies. Help to prevent diseases.

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11
Q

What are some examples of Minerals?

A

Iron(in meat) needed for the blood

Calcium (in milk and cheese) for bones.

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12
Q

What is the function of minerals?

A

They are needed in small amounts so things will function properly. Helps to prevent diseases.

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13
Q

What are some examples of fibre?

A

Fruit, vegetables,bran and cereals.

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14
Q

What is the function of fibre?

A

Absorbed by body to help food past through digestive system. Helps to prevent constipation.

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15
Q

What is the function of vitamin A and where can you find it ?

A

For growth and repair of the tissue. Keeps your eyes, teeth, skin and bones healthy.
Found in Dairy, liver, oily fish and carrots.

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16
Q

What is the function of vitamin C and where can you find it ?

A

Helps heal wounds and prevents symptoms of scurvy

Found in citrus fruits and plants e.g potatoes.

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17
Q

What is the function of vitamin D and where can you find it ?

A

For absorption of calcium also utilisation of the body.

Found in fish, eggs and milk.

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18
Q

What is the function of vitamin E and where can you find it ?

A

Helps heal scars, soften wrinkles and improve circulation.

Found in nuts, seeds and vegetables.

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19
Q

What is the function of vitamin K and where can you find it ?

A

Helps blood to clot when wounds appear.

Found in green vegetables e.g brocilli.

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20
Q

What is the function of vitamin B1 and where can you find it ?

A

Prevents beriberi, helps appetite.

Found in yeast,pork chops and seeds.

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21
Q

What is the function of vitamin B3 and where can you find it ?

A

Helps brain work properly and stops diarrhoea.

Found in liver, meat with little fat, fish, wheat and yeast.

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22
Q

What is the function of vitamin B6 and where can you find it ?

A

For the metabolism of the amino acids.

Found in meat,vegetable, nuts and seeds.

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23
Q

What is the function of vitamin B9 and where can you find it ?

A

Helps nerves and brain to function.

Found in vegetables and grain.

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24
Q

What is the function of the mineral calcium and where can you find it ?

A

Strengthens bones and teeth.

Found in milk and cheese.

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25
Q

What is the function of the mineral iron and where can you find it ?

A

Makes red blood cells which carry oxygen around body.

Found in beans and dried fruits,

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26
Q

If you do not have enough vitamin A in your diet, what deficiency disease do you get?

A

Night-blindness: difficulty to see in dim light.

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27
Q

If you do not have enough vitamin B1 in your diet, what deficiency disease do you get?

A

Beri-beri: weight loss and mental confusion. Effects heart function and nerves. Cramps, vomiting and swelling.

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28
Q

If you do not have enough vitamin C in your diet, what deficiency disease do you get?

A

Scurvy: bleeding gums and small red spots in skin. Also blisters, vomiting and hair loss.

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29
Q

If you do not have enough vitamin D and also will happen if you do not have enough calcium in your diet, what deficiency disease do you get?

A

Rickets: knocked knees and bone becomes soft and fragile. Therefore dental problems and poor growth.

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30
Q

If you do not have enough iron in your diet, what deficiency disease do you get?

A

Anaemia: Pale and tiredness lack of breath and energy. Headaches, leg cramps and dizziness.

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31
Q

If you do not have enough folic acid in your diet, what deficiency disease do you get?

A

Deformed baby.

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32
Q

If you have too many calories in your diet, what deficiency disease do you get?

A

Obesity

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33
Q

If you have too much animal fat in your diet, what deficiency disease do you get?

A

Heart disease

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34
Q

What does your oesophagus do?

A

Takes food from mouth to stomach.

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35
Q

What does your stomach do?

A

Acid kills bacteria and protein is digested (broken down) here.

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36
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Makes and releases enzymes that digest proteins, carbohydrates and fats.

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37
Q

What does your liver do?

A

Makes bile and helps digest fats

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38
Q

What does your Gall bladder do?

A

Stores bile and releases it into small intestine.

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39
Q

What does your large intestine do?

A

Undigested foods pass into large intestine. Water from materiel is reabsorbed by large intestine.

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40
Q

What does your small intestine do?

A

Food digested here. Products absorbed into blood.

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41
Q

What does your appendix do?

A

No known function. Maybe to digest food.

42
Q

What does your rectum do?

A

Where faeces is stored.

43
Q

What does the anus do?

A

Where the faeces comes out.

44
Q

What enzyme breaks down butter?

A

Lipase

45
Q

What enzyme breaks down beef?

A

Protease

46
Q

What enzyme breaks down cornflakes?

A

Amylase

47
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

It is a biological catalysts to speed up the process of breaking down foods

48
Q

How can you find out if their is starch in something?

A

Put some iodine solution in and if It turns a blue/black colour starch is present.

49
Q

How can you find out if their is glucose in something?

A

Put some Benedict’s in to the solution, then heat up and if it turns orange then glucose is present.
Brick red lots of glucose present.
Green little bit of glucose present.

50
Q

How can you find out if their is protein in something?

A

Put some biuret solution in and if it turns lilac then protein is present.

51
Q

What are villi?

A

Foldings of small intestine make a large surface area.

52
Q

What is stored in the lumen ( hole in small intestine) ?

A

Products of digestion e.g glucose, amino acids….,

53
Q

What is the word equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water + (energy)

54
Q

How does excess water leave the body?

A

By turning into water vapour and leaving the body when you breath out.

55
Q

What is respiration?

A

A chemical reaction that occurs in living cells. The release of energy which is needed for living organisms to carry out life processes(MRS GREN)

56
Q

Where do you get glucose from?

A

From digesting food.

57
Q

Where do you get oxygen?

A

By breathing by lungs.

58
Q

What does gas exchange mean?

A

Oxygen passes from the air into the blood.

Carbon dioxide passes from blood into the air.

59
Q

In which part of the blood is carbon dioxide carried?

A

Plasma

60
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Millions of tiny air sacs at the ends of the bronchioles. Adapted to the gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

61
Q

How are alveoli adapted to the gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen?

A
  1. Have very thin walls that allow gases to pass through easily. Walls are one cell thick so a short distance for gasses to diffuse (go through/move)
  2. Have a moist surface as oxygen and carbon dioxide have to be dissolved before they can pass through the alveoli walls.
  3. Have a dense capillary network that allows gases to be exchanged with bloodstream efficiently.
  4. Their shape gives them a large surface area.
62
Q

What is the job of the circulatory system?

A

Is to deliver glucose and oxygen to all the cells in the body. Also to remove carbon dioxide and water from the cells.

63
Q

What are arteries?

A

Carry blood AWAY from the heart to capillaries.

64
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Go to every cell in the body.

65
Q

What are veins?

A

Carry blood TO the heart from the capillaries. Veins also have valves to keep the blood flowing in the right direction.

66
Q

Why is it called a double circulatory system?

A

Because blood enters the heart twice in one circuit around the body.

67
Q

What three main ingredients does cigarette smoke contain?

A

Nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide.

68
Q

What is nicotine?

A

A colourless poisonous chemical which physically addictive.
Affects heart, brain and blood vessels.
Brings about an increased release of adrenalin making one feel more alert.
Increases cholesterol level, gut movement and blood pressure.
Blood circulation is reduced.
It gives a feeling of a depression or a high and may cause trembling.

69
Q

What is tar?

A

Contains 4000 different chemicals.
Dark brown and the stain often discolours the smokers teeth and fingers.
It collects in the Bronchi and bronchioles paralysingly ciliated cells which sweep germs upwards in mucus.
Germs therefore remain causing infections e.g. bronchitis .
It causes breakdown of the alveoli and uses the surface area for oxygen absorption, this is called emphysema.
Tar contains at least 60 carcinogens known to cause cancer of the lungs and is estimated to kill 36,000/ year prematurely in the UK.

70
Q

What is carbon monoxide?

A

Is a poisonous gas.
This gas combines with the haemoglobin in the red blood cells reducing their oxygen carrying capacity by up to 15%. This makes the smoker puff and pant.
Pregnant smokers supply less oxygen to their babies. This leads to less healthy babies with a lower birth weight.
Carbon monoxide also increases the amount of fatty deposits in arteries. This can cause blockage of the coronary artery (supplies the heart muscle) leading to a heart attack.

71
Q

What is the effect of exercise on your heart rate?

A

The more you exercise the more energy your muscles need therefore you respire more and you also need more oxygen. So your heart pumps faster to deliver this oxygen.

72
Q

What is the blood made up of?

A

Plasma, red cells, white cells and platelets.

73
Q

What the red blood cells do?

A

They carry oxygen around the body. They contain haemoglobin which the oxygen attaches to. They don’t have a nucleus. to make room for the haemoglobin.

74
Q

What is bacteria ?

A

Just one round or capsule shaped cell.
Found everywhere.
Bacteria in soil feeds on dead leaves and animals causing decay.
Reproduce by binary fission.

75
Q

What are protists( Protozoa)?

A

Singled celled animals and almost large enough to see.
Live in ponds and damp places.
Feed on bacteria and particles of debris even smaller than themselves.
Important members of pond and soil food chains.

76
Q

What is fungi?

A

Biggest micro organism. Both mushrooms and tiny yeast cells are fungi.
They usually live as fine white threads running through substances.
Cause decay of dead animals and plant debris, this is part of recycling materials in the environment.
Fungi use useful nutrients from decayed material to grow.
They reproduce by making spores. Some fungi make their spores in structures w call mushrooms and toadstools.

77
Q

What are viruses?

A

They are different from other micro organisms.
Smallest and cannot grow and reproduce on their own. They must infect other living cells to reproduce.
They do not have cells, but have a coat enclosing a few genes.
There are viruses that can grow inside every species of living thing, even bacteria have viruses.

78
Q

What does inoculate mean?

A

To spread the bacteria on agar jelly.

79
Q

What does colony mean?

A

A group of something.

80
Q

What does sterile mean?

A

No bacteria.

81
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A pathogen is a microbe that can cause diseases if it enters the body.

82
Q

What is a microbe?

A

Microbes are micro organisms that are too small to be seen.

83
Q

How can diseases enter the body?

A

By;
Eyes
Nose: breathed in from air.
Mouth: breathed in from the air and by eating.
Ears
Open wounds/cuts: cuts and bites on skin get in by touching something.
Anus.

84
Q

How does your body prevent and fight diseases?

A

For;
Eyes: eyelids, eyebrows, eyelashes and tears( contain an enzyme which kills bacteria)
Nose: hairs( cilia and mucus in breathing tubes trap and remove pathogens)
Ears: ear wax which helps trap bacteria.
Mouth: Stomach acids kills bacteria that has been ingested (eaten).
Cuts: blood clots and scabs form. Once in blood we have white blood cells which can kill pathogens. Immune system.
Mucus covers the lining of these organs and trap the microbes.
Skin acts as a barrier until broken.

85
Q

Where are white blood cells made?

A

In bone marrow.

86
Q

What does the thymus gland do?

A

Some of the white blood cells can be changed into different types of white blood cell to fight different types of infection. The lymph system contains a colourless fluid that delivers the white blood cells to where they are needed. The thymus gland is an important part of our immune system as we are growing up. It mostly contains lymphatic tissue.

87
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

They collect dead cells and break them down, removing them from the body.

88
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Blood passes through the spleen which has cells that can make antibodies. At one time they thought spleen did not do very much, but now we know that is very important tot the immune system.

89
Q

What do the tonsils and adenoids contain?

A

They contain lymphatic tissue and are apart of the immune system. However the tonsils can become infected but will be removed without any harm to you.

90
Q

How do droplets transmit and some examples?

A

The air we breath in carries tiny moisture droplets exhaled by other people with infections. Common cold, flu and TB.

91
Q

How does oral transmit and what are some examples?

A

You eat food contaminated by micro organisms or containing faecal traces. Salmonella and other food poisonings, listeriosis.

92
Q

How does water transmit and what are some examples?

A

You drink water contaminated by sewage. Micro organisms that infect the gut pass in faeces and get into water with untreated sewage. Cholera, dysentery and typhoid.

93
Q

How does touch transmit and what are some examples?

A

You touch something the micro organism is on, or a part of an infected persons body. Impetigo, ringworm and conjunctivitis.

94
Q

How do insect bites transmit and what are some examples?

A

Insects carry micro organisms that enter your body when they bite you. Malaria, sleeping sickness and yellow fever.

95
Q

How do wounds and blood transmit and what are some examples?

A

Micro organisms enter cuts and wounds with dirt or bites or blood. Tetanus, rabies, HIV and hepatitis.

96
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells ?

A

Phagocytes- engulf and digest pathogens.

Lymphocytes- produce antibodies.

97
Q

What ways do we try and stop infections from spreading?

A

We add chlorine to drinking water to kill micro organisms.
Sewage is treated to kill harmful micro organisms.
People preparing food for supermarket and restaurants follow regulations designed to stop bacteria getting into food.
We keep fresh and prepared food in a refrigerator because bacteria multiply more slowly In cold environments.

98
Q

What happens when you cut yourself and bacteria enters the body through it?

A

Two sorts of white blood cells go into action.
One sort ‘eats’ any germs that it finds and the other makes chemicals called antibodies that can kill the germs.
After any infection the antibodies stay in your blood for a while.
This means that they are ready to fight any future attack. Your body is immune.

99
Q

What is the role of antibodies?

A

Antibodies stick to the antigens on infecting micro organisms. This helps other white cells recognise them, sticks them together and stops them infecting our tissues. Antibodies can pass to babies in breast milk and protect new born babies from infections.

100
Q

What does immune mean?

A

Being immune means that you are resistant to that disease.

101
Q

What does immunisation mean?

A

Giving someone a vaccine to protect them from an infection.

102
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

Giving someone a vaccine to protect them from disease.

103
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A solution that contains fragments of micro organisms. It provokes the immune system into protecting the body.

Biology Year 8 (1 decks)

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