Biology 192 (second half) Flashcards
Interphase
G1 (1st growth phase), S (DNA replication), G2 (final prep for cell division—multiplication of mitochondria)
Genome
All the genetic information contained in nucleotide sequence of DNA
Proteome
All the proteins made by a cell
Structural genes
Code for polypeptides
Non-structural genes
Regulate the activity of structural genes and code for rRNA and tRNA
Regulatory sequence
Site for the binding of regulatory proteins (on a gene)
Promoter
Signals the beginning of transcription
Transcribed region
Contains the information that specifies an amino acid sequence
Terminator
Signals the end of transcription
Introns
The part of a mRNA strand that is removed
Exons
The part of a mRNA strand that remains
mRNA
Directs the formation of a polypeptide chain
rRNA
A ribosome is made of 2 pieces of RNA
tRNA
A short 3 nucleotide piece of RNA that carries a specific amino acid in the cytoplasm
Codon
Set of 3 RNA nucleotides
Anticodon
3 RNA nucleotide part of tRNA molecule
Homologous chromosomes
Pairs of replicated chromosomes that are the same size, contain genes that code for the same traits, show the same banding pattern after staining, each come from a different parent
Cell Cycle
All the changes a cell undertakes in its life, from growth and development, through normal functioning to cell division producing daughter cells
3 regulatory checkpoints
G1 checkpoint (determines if conditions are favorable for cells division and if the DNA is damaged), G2 checkpoint (checks for DNA damage), Metaphase checkpoint (determines if all chromosomes are attached to the spindle apparatus)
Kinetochore microtubules
Microtubules sent from centrioles and attached to kinetochore of one chromatid
Polar microtubules
Microtubules that serve as props to keep poles apart
Prophase
Chromosomes become visible. Nuclear membrane disappears. Kinetochore microtubules and centrioles appear. Spindle fibers begin to attach to Kinetochores.
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up along midline. Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores.
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate. Kinetochore microtubules shorten. Polar microtubules lengthen. Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell.
