biology Flashcards
1
Q
what are eukaryotic cells
A
cells with membrane bound organelles and contain a nucleus
2
Q
What is the function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
A
The nucleus houses the cell’s genetic material and controls cellular activities.
3
Q
True or False: Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell.
A
True
4
Q
Fill in the blank: The __________ is a double membrane structure that surrounds and protects the nucleus.
A
nuclear envelope
5
Q
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
A
Ribosomes
6
Q
What is the primary role of the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells?
A
The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis and processing of proteins and lipids.
7
Q
A
8
Q
What is the primary function of 80S ribosomes?
A
The primary function of 80S ribosomes is to synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA).
9
Q
True or False: 80S ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells.
A
False: 80S ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells.
10
Q
Fill in the blank: The 80S ribosome is composed of a _____ and a _____ subunit.
A
60S and 40S
11
Q
Which type of organism primarily contains 80S ribosomes?
A
Eukaryotic organisms.
12
Q
Multiple Choice: What is the sedimentation rate of the larger subunit of the 80S ribosome?
A
60S
13
Q
What is the primary component of the prokaryotic cell wall?
A
Peptidoglycan
14
Q
True or False: Prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.
A
False
15
Q
Fill in the blank: Prokaryotic cells typically contain _________, which are small, circular DNA molecules.
A
plasmids
16
Q
Which of the following structures is found in prokaryotic cells? A) Nucleus B) Ribosomes C) Mitochondria
A
B) Ribosomes
17
Q
What is the function of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?
A
It regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
18
Q
What is the primary difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
A
The primary difference is that gram positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall, while gram negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane.
19
Q
True or False: Gram positive bacteria stain purple in the Gram staining procedure.
A
True
20
Q
Fill in the blank: Gram negative bacteria typically have an additional __________ that protects them from certain antibiotics.
A
outer membrane
21
Q
Which type of bacteria is generally more resistant to antibiotics, gram positive or gram negative?
A
Gram negative bacteria are generally more resistant to antibiotics.
22
Q
What type of bacteria can be identified by a thin peptidoglycan layer and a lipopolysaccharide outer membrane?
A
Gram negative bacteria
23
Q
A
24
Q
What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
A
Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, converting sunlight into energy.
25
True or False: Plant cells have a cell wall made of cellulose.
True
26
Fill in the blank: The large central __________ in plant cells stores water and helps maintain turgor pressure.
vacuole
27
Which organelle is responsible for producing energy (ATP) in plant cells?
Mitochondria
28
What is the role of ribosomes in plant cells?
Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
29
What is the primary function of root hair cells?
To absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
30
True or False: Guard cells are responsible for regulating the opening and closing of stomata.
True
31
Fill in the blank: Xylem cells transport __________ in plants.
water and minerals
32
What type of specialised cells are responsible for photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts found in mesophyll cells.
33
Multiple Choice: Which cell type is primarily involved in the transport of sugars in plants? A) Xylem B) Phloem C) Epidermis D) Sclerenchyma
B) Phloem
34
What is the role of sclerenchyma cells in plants?
To provide structural support.
35
True or False: Parenchyma cells are specialized for storage and can also perform photosynthesis.
True
36
What are the two main types of vascular tissue in plants?
Xylem and Phloem.
37
Fill in the blank: __________ cells protect and cover the surfaces of plants.
Epidermal
38
Short Answer: Describe the function of tracheids in xylem.
Tracheids conduct water and provide structural support.
39
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
To transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
40
True or False: Neurons are responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body.
True.
41
Fill in the blank: The primary function of epithelial cells is to _______.
protect and line surfaces.
42
What type of specialized cell is responsible for muscle contraction?
Muscle cells (myocytes).
43
Which specialized cell type produces antibodies?
B cells (a type of white blood cell).
44
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of specialized animal cell? A) Neuron B) Osteocyte C) Chloroplast D) Erythrocyte
C) Chloroplast.
45
What is the main role of adipose cells?
To store fat and energy.
46
True or False: Sperm cells are specialized for reproduction.
True.
47
Fill in the blank: The main function of white blood cells is to _______.
defend the body against infection.
48
What is the function of chondrocytes?
To produce and maintain cartilage.
49
50
What type of tissue is epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue is a type of tissue that covers body surfaces and lines cavities and organs.
51
True or False: Columnar epithelium is characterized by its tall, column-like cells.
True
52
Fill in the blank: Squamous epithelium is composed of __________ cells.
flat
53
What are the primary functions of epithelial tissue?
The primary functions include protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation.
54
Which type of epithelial tissue is best suited for diffusion?
Simple squamous epithelium is best suited for diffusion.
55
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of epithelial tissue? A) Squamous B) Columnar C) Cuboidal D) Muscular
D) Muscular
56
What is the distinguishing feature of stratified epithelium?
Stratified epithelium consists of multiple layers of cells.
57
True or False: Columnar epithelium is always a single layer of cells.
False
58
Short Answer: Name one location where simple squamous epithelium can be found.
Alveoli of the lungs
59
What type of epithelial tissue is primarily found in areas requiring absorption and secretion?
Simple columnar epithelium
60
What are the two main types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
61
True or False: Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a productive cough and inflammation of the airways.
True.
62
Fill in the blank: Emphysema involves the destruction of the ______ in the lungs.
alveoli.
63
Which type of COPD is primarily associated with long-term exposure to irritants that damage the lungs?
Chronic bronchitis.
64
Multiple choice: Which type of COPD typically results in less airflow obstruction but more difficulty with gas exchange? A) Chronic bronchitis B) Emphysema
B) Emphysema.
65
What symptom is common to both chronic bronchitis and emphysema?
Shortness of breath.
66
True or False: Both chronic bronchitis and emphysema can result from smoking.
True.
67
What is a major risk factor for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Cigarette smoking.
68
Fill in the blank: In chronic bronchitis, the airway lining becomes ______.
inflamed.
69
Short answer: Name one common treatment option for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Bronchodilators.
70
What are the three main types of blood vessels?
Arteries, veins, and capillaries.
71
True or False: Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
True.
72
Fill in the blank: The primary function of capillaries is to facilitate ________ between blood and tissues.
exchange.
73
Which type of blood vessel has the thinnest walls?
Capillaries.
74
Multiple Choice: Which blood vessels typically carry oxygen-rich blood? A) Veins B) Arteries C) Capillaries
B) Arteries.
75
What is atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the buildup of fatty deposits, cholesterol, and other substances in the walls of arteries, leading to reduced blood flow.
76
True or False: Smoking can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.
True
77
Fill in the blank: Atherosclerosis can lead to serious health issues such as ________ and ________.
heart attack, stroke
78
How does smoking increase the risk of atherosclerosis?
Smoking damages the endothelium (inner lining of blood vessels), promotes inflammation, and increases the levels of LDL cholesterol, all of which contribute to plaque formation.
79
Which of the following is a common symptom of advanced atherosclerosis? A) Chest pain B) Nausea C) Fatigue D) All of the above
A) Chest pain
80
What are the two main types of muscle fibers?
Fast twitch and slow twitch muscle fibers.
81
True or False: Fast twitch fibers are more efficient for endurance activities.
False.
82
Fill in the blank: Slow twitch muscle fibers are also known as _____ fibers.
Type I fibers.
83
What is the primary function of fast twitch muscle fibers?
To provide quick bursts of strength and speed.
84
Multiple Choice: Which type of muscle fiber is primarily used during long-distance running? A) Fast twitch B) Slow twitch C) Both
B) Slow twitch.
85
What is the sliding filament theory?
The theory that explains how muscles contract by the sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other.
86
True or False: Slow twitch fibers have a higher capacity for aerobic metabolism than fast twitch fibers.
True.
87
What are the two proteins involved in muscle contraction according to the sliding filament theory?
Actin and myosin.
88
Fill in the blank: Fast twitch muscle fibers are also known as _____ fibers.
Type II fibers.
89
Short Answer: How does the structure of fast twitch fibers differ from slow twitch fibers?
Fast twitch fibers have fewer mitochondria and capillaries, while slow twitch fibers have more, allowing for greater endurance.
90
What is the primary function of nerve tissue?
To transmit electrical impulses throughout the body.
91
True or False: Neurons are the only cells found in nerve tissue.
False
92
Fill in the blank: The main structural unit of the nervous system is the __________.
neuron
93
Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving signals?
Dendrites
94
Multiple choice: What is the function of the myelin sheath?
To insulate the axon and increase the speed of impulse transmission.
95
96
What is the primary function of myelin sheaths?
To insulate nerve fibers and increase the speed of electrical impulses along the axon.
97
True or False: Myelinated nerve cells conduct impulses faster than non-myelinated nerve cells.
True
98
Fill in the blank: Myelinated nerve cells are often found in __________, while non-myelinated nerve cells are typically found in __________.
the peripheral nervous system; the central nervous system
99
What is the main structural difference between myelinated and non-myelinated nerve cells?
Myelinated nerve cells have a myelin sheath that wraps around the axon, while non-myelinated nerve cells do not.
100
Which type of nerve cell is more energy efficient: myelinated or non-myelinated?
Myelinated nerve cells are more energy efficient due to reduced ion leakage and fewer action potentials required.
101
What are the three main types of neurons?
Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.
102
True or False: Sensory neurons are responsible for transmitting signals from the brain to muscles.
False
103
Fill in the blank: ______ neurons connect sensory and motor neurons and are primarily found in the central nervous system.
Interneurons
104
Which type of neuron carries information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?
Sensory neurons
105
Multiple Choice: Which type of neuron is responsible for controlling voluntary movements? A) Sensory neurons B) Motor neurons C) Interneurons
B) Motor neurons
106
What is a nerve impulse?
A nerve impulse is an electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron.
107
True or False: Nerve impulses are primarily chemical signals.
False
108
What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?
Approximately -70 mV.
109
Fill in the blank: During depolarization, the membrane potential becomes ______.
less negative or more positive.
110
What ion primarily causes depolarization in neurons?
Sodium ions (Na+).
111
What occurs during the repolarization phase of a nerve impulse?
The membrane potential returns to a negative value, typically around -70 mV.
112
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is associated with hyperpolarization? A) Increase in Na+ B) Increase in K+ C) Decrease in Cl-
B) Increase in K+
113
What is the threshold potential required to trigger an action potential?
Approximately -55 mV.
114
True or False: Action potentials are all-or-nothing responses.
True
115
What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in nerve impulses?
It helps maintain the resting membrane potential by pumping Na+ out and K+ into the cell.
116
Fill in the blank: After an action potential, the neuron undergoes a ______ period.
refractory
117
What change in polarity occurs during an action potential?
The membrane potential rapidly shifts from negative to positive and then back to negative.
118
What is the significance of myelination in nerve impulses?
Myelination increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction.
119
Multiple Choice: Which statement is true about action potentials? A) They decrease in strength over distance B) They travel in both directions C) They are uniform in strength
C) They are uniform in strength
120
What effect does an increase in extracellular potassium concentration have on a neuron?
It can lead to depolarization and decreased excitability.
121
what is an electrocardiogram
shows the changes in heart beat
122
what are the different waves in the gram
- p waves
- QRS complex
- T waves
123
what are p waves
time of atrial contraction
124
what is the QRS complex
time of ventricle contraction
125
what are t waves
caused by depolarisation of the ventricles during diastole
126
what is a synapse and what does it allow
its a junction between two neurones and the pre-synapse membrane allows the release of chemicals when impulses are arriving to stimulate impulses in the cell after the gap
127
what is acetylcholine
- stimulates the muscles
- largely made in the brain
128
how is acetylcholine broken down and where is it broken down
it is broken down in the synaptic cleft and by acetylcholinesterase
129
what are the symptoms of parkinson's disease
- shakes
- stiffness of muscles
- slowness of movement
130
what is dopamine
dopamine in a neurotransmitter that activates neurons in the frontal cortex. can help with parkinsons disease
131
what is the main goal of parkinsons disease treatment
to increase concentration of dopamine in the brain
132
Why can't dopamine be directly administered to the brain for Parkinson's treatment?
cannot move into the brain from the bloodstream
133
What molecule is used to increase dopamine levels in the brain?
L-dopa
134
what feelings are linked to serotonin
reward and plessure
135
What condition is linked to a lack of serotonin?
clinical depression (prolonged feelings of sadness, anxiety, hopelessness, loss of interest, restlessness, insomnia).
136
How does Ecstasy (MDMA) affect serotonin levels?
It prevents the reuptake of serotonin
137
How do many drugs affect the nervous system?
By interfering with the normal functioning of a synapse
138
List some ways drugs can interfere with synapse function.
1. Affect the synthesis or storage of the neurotransmitter.
2. Affect the release of the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic membrane.
3. Affect the interaction between the neurotransmitter and the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
4. May be excitatory, increasing the likelihood of an action potential.
5. May be inhibitory, blocking receptors.
6. Prevent the reuptake of the neurotransmitter.
7. Inhibit enzymes that break down the neurotransmitter.
