biology Flashcards by Aishath Nabaha

In the human ABO blood grouping, the four basic blood types are type A, type B, type AB and type O. the blood proteins A and B are
A) simple dominant and recessive
B) incomplete dominant traits
C) codominant traits
D) sex-linked traits

C) codominant traits

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Early in the ovarian cycle, estrogen, produced in the follicle,______ release, while later in the cycle, estrogen_______ gonadotropin gonadotropin release because

A. inhibits; stimulates; feedback mechanisms are not involved early in the ovarian cycle

B. stimulates; inhibits; feedback mechanisms are not involved early in the ovarian cycle.

C. inhibits, stimulates; the feedback mechanisms are dependent on the concentration of estrogen.

D. stimulates; inhibits; the feedback mechanisms are dependent on the concentration of estrogen.

C. inhibits, stimulates; the feedback mechanisms are dependent on the concentration of estrogen.

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The two daughter cells formed by mitosis and cytokinesis have

A. half the number of chromosomes present in the parent cell.

B. half the number of the chromosomes present in the parent cell if this parent cell is found in the testicular or ovarian tissue.

C. the same number of chromosomes present in the parent cell

D. twice the number of chromosomes present in the parent cell.

E. A variable number of chromosomes so that an exact prediction cannot be made

C. the same number of chromosomes present in the parent cell

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Which of the following statements concerning alleles is true for diploid organisms?

At most only two alleles occur at a given locus in an organism’s genome.
Alleles occupy an identical locus in homologous chromosomes.
Alleles of a given gene usually occur on non-homologous chromosomes.
A single chromosome usually carries two alleles of each gene.

A.4

B. 1 and 2

C. 3

D. 1, 2, and 4

E. 3 and 4

D. 1,2 and 4

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Exoskeletons provide excellent protection to internal organs. However, animals that utilize exoskeletons are usually relatively small. Why?

A. These animals are only able to produce a limited amount of chitin.

B. Exoskeletons are not living tissue, and therefore they cannot grow.

C. A large exoskeleton would be too heavy to move.

D. During molting, these animals are especially vulnerable to predators and therefore do not usually live long enough to grow bigger

C. A large exoskeleton would be too heavy to move.

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Clotting of human blood

A. requires that hemoglobin be present.

B. results from fibrin joining globulin.

C. Is a result of platelets releasing fibrinogen

D. Depends on the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen

E. Is accelerated when calcium is removee

D. Depends on the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen

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The electron transport chain pumps protons

A. out of the mitochondrial matrix.

B. out of the intermembrane space and into the matrix.

C. out of the mitochondrion and into the cytoplasm.

D. out of the cytoplasm and into the mitochondrion.

A. out of the mitochondrial matrix.

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An example of alleles is:

A. AB and Tt.

TT and Tt.

C. T and t.

D. X and Y.

C. T and t.

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A catalyst

A. allows an endergonic reaction to proceed more quickly.

B. increases the activation energy so a reaction can proceed more quickly.

C. lowers the amount of energy needed for a reaction to proceed.

D. is required for an exergonic reaction to occur.

C. lowers the amount of energy needed for a reaction to proceed.

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The addition of potassium lodide as a nutritional supplement to common table salt would most directly affect the function of which of these glands?

A. Thyroid

B. Sweat glands

C. Adrenal cortex

D. Kidneys

E. Parathyroid

A. Thyroid

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Mitosis involves separation of only sister chromatids while meiosis involves?

A. Also separation of only sister chromatids.

B. Separation of only homologous chromosomes.

C. Separation of homologous chromosomes as well as sister chromatids.

D. Separation of sister chromatids twice.

C. Separation of homologous chromosomes as well as sister chromatids.

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An example of a genotype is:

A. A tall pea plant.

R and r.

C. TtHH.

D. Hemophiliac.

C. TtHH.

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Each of the following is synthesized by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland of vertebrates EXCEPT one. Which one is this EXCEPTION?

A. Thyrotropic hormone

B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C. Follicle-stimulating hormone

D. Growth hormone

E. Oxytocin

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How is the digestion of fats different from that of proteins and carbohydrates?

A. Fat digestion occurs in the small intestine, and the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates occurs in the stomach.

B. Fats are absorbed into the cells as fatty acids and monoglycerides but are then modified for absorption into the blood, amino acids and glucose are not modified further

C. Fats enter the hepatic portal circulation, but digested proteins and carbohydrates enter the lymphatic system.

D. Digested fats are absorbed in the large intestine, and digested proteins and carbohydrates are absorbed in the small intestine

B. Fats are absorbed into the cells as fatty acids and monoglycerides but are then modified for absorption into the blood, amino acids and glucose are not modified further

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Each of the following cell organelles has a membranous structure EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A. Golgi complex

B. Centrioles.

C. Mitochondria.

D. Lysosomes.

E. Endoplasmic reticulum.

B. Centrioles.

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Organisms in an ecosystem can be classified as producers or consumers. The producers provide food for the consumers. An organism that consumes both producers and other consumers is called a

A. herbivore

B. omnivore

C. carnivore

D. prey

B. omnivore

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If two white sheep produce a black offspring, the parent’s genotypes for color must be:

A. Heterozygous.

B. Homozygous white.

C. Homozygous black.

D. Not enough information was given.

A. Heterozygous.

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Pollution can cause problems within any ecosystem. The pollutants can enter this ecosystem by combining with the water vapor in the air. Their effect is felt when they become

A. basic and cannot be decomposed

B. acidic and cannot be decomposed

C. basic and increase plant growth

D. acidic and destroy the ecosystem

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Most eukaryotic organisms have_______ chromosomes in their cells.

A. 1-5

B. 10-50

C. 100-500

D. over 1,000

B. 10-50

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Which of the following statements about nerve tissue is false?

A. Neurons transmit sensory information to the brain.

Both neurons and neuroglia are present in the CNS and PNS.

C. Neurons conduct electrical impulses.

D. All types of cells in nerve tissue conduct electrical impulses.

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Each amino acid in a protein is specified by
A) several genes
B) a promotor
C) an mRNA molecule
D) a codon

D) a codon

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Organisms that obtain their energy from light can be termed

A. autotrophic.

B. holotrophic.

C. chemotrophic.

D. heterotrophic.

E. heliotrophic.

A. autotrophic.

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What causes cancer in cells?

A. damage to genes

B. chemical damage to cell membranes

C. UV damage to transport proteins

D. All cause cancers in cells.

A. damage to genes

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Fermentation

A. produces pyruvic acid as end product.

B. yields less energy per mole of glucose than aerobic respiration.

C. occurs only in the presence of oxygen.

D. prevents glycolysis from occurring.

E. converts ethanol to glucose.

B. yields less energy per mole of glucose than aerobic respiration.

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25. In drosophila (fruit flies), eye color is sex-linked and red eye color is dominant to white eye color. Which of the following are not possible in a cross between a red-eyed male and a heterozygous female? A. Red-eyed male. B. White-eyed male. C. Carrier female. D. Homozygous white-eyed female.

D. Homozygous white-eyed female.

26. In respiration, oxygen A. combines with lactic acid to form pyruvic acid. B. acts as a cofactor for glycolytic enzymes. C. yields energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain. D. acts as an acceptor for electrons (and protons), forming water. E. combines directly with carbon, forming carbon dioxide.

D. acts as an acceptor for electrons (and protons), forming water.

27. Carbon is an integral part of an ecosystem. It is cycled throughout the ecosystem as it is used and then reused. It is necessary for all life to exist. Carbon is used by plants in the process of: A. respiration B. photosynthesis C. transpiration D. decomposition

B. photosynthesis

28. An enzyme is added to an aqueous solution of ATP, DNA, albumen, fat and glycogen; the reaction mixture is incubated for 10 minutes. If an analysis of the mixture reveals the presence of all the above compounds plus glucose, it can be concluded that the enzyme hydrolyzed some of the: A. albumen. B. Fat C. Glycogen D. ATP E. DNA

C. Glycogen

29. The step of mitosis in which chromosomes line up along the equatorial plane of the cell is called: A. Prophase. B. Metaphase. C. Anaphase. D. Telophase.

B. Metaphase.

30. What cellular organelles would you expect to be absent from fungi? A. Mitochondria. B. Lysosomes. C. Ribosomes. D. Golgi bodies. E. Chloroplasts.

E. Chloroplasts.

31. Which of the following represents the action of insulin? A. increases blood glucose levels by the hydrolysis of glycogen B. increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glucagon production C. decreases blood glucose levels by forming glycogen D. increases blood glucose levels by promoting cellular uptake of glucose

C. decreases blood glucose levels by forming glycogen

32. Intracellular organelles that participate in metabolic oxidation involving hydrogen peroxide are called: A. centrioles. B. endoplasmic granules. C. peroxisomes. D. lysosomes. E. macro bodies.

C. peroxisomes.

33. An extra finger in humans is rare but is due to a dominant gene. When one parent is normal and the other parent has an extra finger but is heterozygous for the trait, what is the probability that the first child will be normal? A. 0%. B. 25%. C. 50% D. 75%.

C. 50%

34. Starch, cellulose and glycogen are all A. proteins. B. linked Internally by hydrogen bonds. C. water soluble. D. polymers of glucose. E nucleic acids.

D. polymers of glucose.

35. At some stage of development, all chordates have A. a pharynx, a vertebral column, and a notochord. B. pharyngeal pouches, a notochord, and a dorsal tubular nerve cord. C. pharyngeal pouches, a notochord, and a ventral nerve cord. D. pharyngeal pouches, vertebral column, and a dorsal tubular nerve cord. E. a pharynx and an ectodermally derived, solid nerve cord.

B. pharyngeal pouches, a notochord, and a dorsal tubular nerve cord.

36. Petroleum products, which contain carbon, are burned, and the carbon escapes into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. But how does it get into the petroleum in the first place? A refineries B. plant respiration C. decomposing plankton D. photosynthesis in plants

C. decomposing plankton

37. In anaerobic glycolysis in muscle cells one mole of glucose is oxidized to: A. six moles of carbon dioxide . 8. two moles of acetic acid, C. two moles of lactic acid. D. two moles of acetyl CoA. E two moles of carbon dioxide and six moles of water.

C. two moles of lactic acid.

38. An ecosystem thrives with biotic and abiotic component parts. An example of an abiotic part of an ecosystem is: A. micro-bacteria 8. fungus C. minerals D. decaying plants

C. minerals

39. A segment of DNA with the sequence GGCATTAGG would be transcribed into a messenger RNA segment with the sequence: A. CCGUAAUCC. B. AATGCCGTT. C. CCGTAATCC. D. AAUGCCGUU. E. CCGTUUTGG.

A. CCGUAAUCC.

40. Down syndrome in humans is due to: A. three copies of chromosome 21. B. manosomy. C. two Y chromosomes. D. three X chromosomes.

A. three copies of chromosome 21.

41. The movement of water-soluble molecules through cell membranes, from higher to lower concentrations, by attachment to a carrier protein, describes: A. diffusions. B. osmosis. C. pinocytosis. D. active transport. E facilitated diffusion.

E facilitated diffusion.

42. Organisms that have the characteristics of radial symmetry, water vascular system, a spiny skin, and are found exclusively in a marine habitat would be in which pylum? A. Annelida B. Chordata C. Cnidaria D. Porifera E Echinodermata

E. Echinodermata

43. Over time, the same bones in different vertebrates were put to different uses. This falls under the category of A. missing links. 8. vestigial structures. C. analogous structures. D. homologous structures.

D. homologous structures.

44. As far as their products are concerned, all biosynthetic reactions in living cells result in: A. a more ordered state, therefore a decrease in entropy. B. a more ordered state, therefore an increase in entropy. C. energy released in the form of ATP. D. energy made available for motion. E a more ordered state with no entropy change.

A. a more ordered state, therefore a decrease in entropy.

45. To determine an organism's niche, all of the following must be determined, EXCEPT: A. how it is classified B. what it eats C. where it lives D. what relationships it has with other organisms

A. how it is classified

46. Another very important cycle is the Water Cycle. All living things need water to live. This cycle has four main processes. The two processes that return water to the earth are! A. evaporation and condensation B. condensation and precipitation C. transpiration and condensation D. evaporation and transpiration

B. condensation and precipitation

47. Which of the following is the smallest organelle in the cell? A. Golgi body B. Nucleus C. Mitochondrion D. Ribosome E. Chloroplast

D. Ribosome

48. Eggs and sperm are genetically very similar, but structurally very different. Why is this so? A. Both contain a haploid chromosome number, but eggs must provide nutrients for early development, while sperm must be able to move efficiently. B. Both contain a diploid chromosome number, but eggs must provide nutrients for early development, while sperm must be able to move efficiently. C. Both contain maternal chromosomes, but only sperm can control which chromosomes are passed on. D. Both contain a haploid chromosome number, but only eggs can control which chromosomes are passed on.

A. Both contain a haploid chromosome number, but eggs must provide nutrients for early development, while sperm must be able to move efficiently.

49. For a given diameter of an axon, one factor which increases the velocity of a nerve impulse is: A. the length of the axon. 8. the ploidy of the nucleus. C. the density of mitochondria along the axon. D. maximal stimulation of the neuron. E. the presence of a myelin sheath.

E. the presence of a myelin sheath.

50. How is a blochemical pathway regulated? A. The product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next. B. The end product replaces the initial substrate in the pathway. C. The end product inhibits the first enzyme in the pathway by binding to an allosteric site. D. All of these are correct.

C. The end product inhibits the first enzyme in the pathway by binding to an allosteric site.

51. Which of the following chiefly stimulates action of the respiratory center? A. Carbon dioxide in the blood. B. Relaxin. C. Lack of oxygen in the blood. D. Inflation of the alveolus. E. Vagus nerve.

A. Carbon dioxide in the blood.

52. Replicate copies of each chromosome are called and are joined at the A. homologues/centromere 8. sister chromatids/kinetochore C. sister chromatids/centromere D. homologues/kinetochore

C. sister chromatids/centromere

53. The term motor unit refers to A. an entire muscle. B. a single muscle fiber. C. all the muscle fibers innervated by one nerve fiber. D. all the motor nerves in one muscle. E. all the sliding filaments of actin and myosin in one muscle fiber.

C. all the muscle fibers innervated by one nerve fiber.

54. During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur? A. prophase I B. anaphase I C. prophase II D. telophase II

A. prophase I

55. An example of convergent evolution is A. Australian marsupials and placental mammals. B. the flippers in fish, penguins, and dolphins. C. the wings in birds, bats, and insects. D. all of these

D. all of these

56. The human heartbeat is initiated within the A. sinus venosus. 8. Hensen's node. C. conus arteriosus. D. atrio-ventricular node. E. sino-atrial node

E. sino-atrial node

57. Food chains and food webs are models in science which visually show us the different relationships within an ecosystem. The primary difference between the food chain and the food web is A a food chain shows how energy is stored B. a food web shows how energy is used C. a food web is a complex system of food chains D. a food chain is a combination of different food webs

C. a food web is a complex system of food chains

58. The testicles of male mammals are suspended in the scrotum because: A. the optimum temperature for sperm production is less than the normal core body temperature of the organism. B. the optimum temperature for sperm production is higher than the normal core body temperature of the organism. C. there is not enough room in the pelvic area for the testicles to be housed internally. D. it is easier for the body to expel sperm during ejaculation.

A. the optimum temperature for sperm production is less than the normal core body temperature of the organism.

59. In the nephron of the kidney, filtration occurs between A. Bowman's capsule and Henle's loop. B. the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. C. the proximal tubule and Henle's loop. D. Henle's loop and the vasa recta. E. the peritubular network and the convoluted tubules.

B. the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.

60. The cytoplasm of an animal cell is divided by means of: A. A cleavage furrow. B. A cell plate. C. A cell membrane formed within the cytoplasm. D. Mitosis.

A. A cleavage furrow.

61. Sexual and asexual reproduction usually differ in A. the ability of the new offspring to reproduce. B. the rate at which mutations occur. C. the amount of genotypic variation between parent and offspring. D. the viability of offspring. E. whether or not natural selection can occur.

C. the amount of genotypic variation between parent and offspring.

62. The clean-up crew are the decomposers. Decomposers and scavengers get rid of the garbage and waste in an ecosystem. Decomposers differ from scavengers because they A. only eat dead organisms B. do not eat dead organisms C. break down larger organisms D. only feed on dead plants and animals

B. do not eat dead organisms

63. if we could monitor the amount of total gonadotropin activity in pregnant women, we would expect A. high levels of FSH and LH in the uterus to stimulate endometrial thickening. 8. high levels of circulating FSH and LH to stimulate implantation of the embryo. C. high levels of hCG in the uterus to stimulate endometrial thickening. D. high levels of circulating hCG to stimulate estrogen and progesterone synthesis

D. high levels of circulating hCG to stimulate estrogen and progesterone synthesis

64. In watermelons, the unlinked genes for green color (G) and for short length (S) are dominant over alleles for striped color (g) and long length (s). Predict the phenotypes and their ratios for the cross Ggss x gg5s. A. All green short B. 1:2:1 green short stripped long: striped short, C. All striped long.. D. 1:1:1:1 green short striped short green long: striped long E. 1:1 green short: striped long

D. 1:1:1:1 green short striped short green long: striped long

65. Long radishes crossed with round radishes result in all oval radishes. This type of Inheritance is: A. Multiple alleles. B. Complete dominance. C. Co-dominance. D. Incomplete dominance.

D. Incomplete dominance.

66. Assuming no linkage, how many different kinds of gametes can be produced by an organism with the genotype AaBbcc? A. 32 8.16 C8 D.6 E. 4

E. 4

67. Which blood type would not be possible for children of a type AB mother and a type A father? A. O. B. A. CB. D. AB.

A. O.

68. Under the five-kingdom classification, members of the kingdom Monera are generally separated from the members of all the other kingdoms by having A. heterotrophic nutrition versus autotrophic nutrition. B. unicellular organization versus multicellular organization. C. microscopic size versus macroscopic size. D. prokaryotic cells versus eukaryotic cells. E. parasite-host relationship versus predator-prey relationship.

D. prokaryotic cells versus eukaryotic cells.

69. The process in which water, in the water cycle, goes through a phase change, from a gas to a liquid, is called. A. evaporation 8. transpiration C. condensation D. precipitation

C. condensation

70. Of the following, which group of invertebrates is apparently most closely related to primitive vertebrates? A. Annelida 8. Mollusca C. Cnidaria D. Arthropoda E. Echinodermata

E. Echinodermata