Biology Flashcards by Lexie Hall

ears

What are the parts in the outer ear?

Pinna
Ear canal
Ear drum

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ears

What are the parts in the middle ear?

Ossicles

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ears

What are the Ossicles called?

Hammer (malleus)
anvil (incus)
stirrup (stapes)

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ears

What are the parts in the inner ear called?

Eustachian tube
semicircular canal
cochlea

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ears

Function of the pinna

Funnels and collects soundwaves and directs the waves to the middle ear

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ears

function of the ear canal

Lined with hair and wax producing cells to trap dust/bacteria to protect ear drum

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ears

function of ear drum (tympanic membrane)

Vibrates in response to soundwaves

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ears

How do the Ossicles in the middle ear function?

Hammer is attached to the ear drum and will vibrate in response to movement. The vibration will then carry on from the anvil to the stirrup.

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ears

What is the function of the Eustachian tube?

connects to nose/throat to relieve pressure (ears popping)

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ears

what is the function of the semicircular canal?

involved with regulating balance and sensing head position.

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ears

How does the process of the cochlea work?

1.The stirrup will bang against the cochlea which is filled with membranes that contain little hairs, the membranes are in a liquid. 2.The vibration from the stirrup causes waves in the liquid which causes the tiny hairs to move
3.The movement in the hairs causes an electric impulse in neurons
4. The message is sent via the auditory nerves to the brain

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ears

what is the function of the cochlea?

Converts the auditory signals into electrical impulses

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ears

what is echolocation

The process of using sounds to visualise the world

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ears

How does echolocation work?

1.Animal sounds out a sound (vocalization) which will then bounce off objects (echo).
2.waves (echoes) return to ears
3. brain interrupts time taken for waves to return to ear + direction of sound
4. animal can work out location of objects such as food

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eye structure/function

cornea

protective ‘window’ that directs light into eye

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eye strucure/function

iris

coloured part of eye.
Muscles that contracts and dilates to open or close pupil

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eye structre/function

pupil

a hole through which light enters.
Opens wide in dim light to let in as much light as possible

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eye structure/function

lens

direct light to retina (back of eye)
changes shape to allow focus on objects at varying distance

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eye structure/function

aqueous humour

under pressure to give the eye a shape
liquid like

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eye structure/function

vitrious humour

protects lens and helps eye focus
gel like

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eye structure/function

retina

contains photosensitive cells which react to light
back of eye

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eye structure/function

Rods

found throughout the retina

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eye structure/function

function of rod cells?

Used for seeing in dim light and pheripheal vision

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eye structure/function

what animals have more rod cells?

nocturnal and prey animals

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# eye structure/function Cones

found mostly adjecent to the lens in an area called the mocula.

# eye structure/function function of cone cells?

needed for focused vision and needed to see colours. good for depth perception

# eye structure/function what animals has more cone cells?

predators tree dewelling animals

# eye structure/function how do rod + cone cells work?

1. Rod+cone cells contain photopigments which absorb light energy 2. conervts it into eletercial energy in neurons 3. then sent via the optic nerve to brain

# Brain what does the cerebral cortex do?

intelligence interrupting touch control over voluntary movements temparments memory

# Brain What are the four lobes in the brain?

1. frontal lobe 2. partietal lobe 3. temporal lobe 4. occipetal lobe

# Brain main function of frontal lobe

movement control, vocalistion, descion making

# brain main function of parietal lobe

variety of sensory processing

# brain main function of temporal lobe

auditoary processing, memory and comprehension

What are blood vessels?

Hollow tubes that carry blood for miles and miles in never ending system

What are the three types of blood vessels

Arteries Veins Capillaries

What are arteries?

Elastic muscular tubes that carry blood from left ventricle of heart to tissues and right ventricle to the lungs. Walls are thicker due to high pressure

What are veins?

Carry blood from tissues and lungs to the heart. Contains valves to allow blood to flow forward toward heart and not backwards

What are Capillaries?

Connect arterioles to the venules Allow for exchange of nutrients and other substances like oxygen and carbon dioxide

Function of plasma in blood?

Transports nutrients, proteins and any hormones around body when needed Carries blood cells and platelets around body

Function of Erythrocytes (red blood cells) in blood?

Carry oxygen from lungs to every cell in rest of body

Function of leukocytes (white blood cells) in blood?

Fight infections by pathogens and stop disease

Function of uterus

Muscular to provide contractions during birth Suitable environment for foetus to develop

Function of cervix

Protects uterus from infection by closed expect for birth and ovulation Circulate muscle separating the vagina and uterus

Function of vagina

Birth canal Reproduction Sperm is deposited

Function of fallopian tube

Allows sperm to reach the egg

Function of ovaries

Produce hormones that are important in pregnancy and reproductive cycle

Function of vulva

Has a role in sexual attraction during animals ‘heat’ Protective barrier to prevent infection Circulate muscle

Name four Endocrine glands

Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Ovaries Pineal gland

Function of trachea

Main wind pipe Produces mucous to trap dust Cilia wafts mucous back to the throat

Function of nasal passage

Warms the air and contains hair and mucus to trap dust and bacteria

Function of bronchi

Two of these One branches to the left lung and one to right lung Takes air into lungs

Function of bronchiole

Smaller tubes Take air from bronchi to the alveoli

Function of alveoli

Air sacs where gas exchange takes place Very thin walls to allow diffusion of gases

Function of lymphatic vessels

Take lymph tissues away from the tissues back to the heart

Function of lymphatic tissues

The liquid in lymph vessels

Function of lymphatic ducts

Return blood to the heart and general circulation

Function of lymph nodes

Places where leukocytes patrol and check the lymph tissue for pathogens

Function of hypothalamus

Temp regulation Homeostasis Works with pituitary glands to make various hormones eg ADH (antidiuretic hormone), FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

One example of endothermic animal

Dogs

One example of ectothermic

Snake

Two hormones that influence female secondary sexual characteristics

Oestrogen and progesterone

Main male sex hormone

Testosterone