Biology Flashcards
1
Q
what organs are part of the digestive system
A
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Duodenum, JeJunum, Ileum
Accessory Organs
Pancreas, liver, gallbladder
Large Intestine
Rectum
anus
2
Q
what are the 4 types of tissues ?
A
Epithelial (epithelium)
Muscle Tissue
Nerve Tissue
Connective Tissue**
3
Q
what system takes in, breaks up, and digests food and then excretes the waste
A
digestive system
4
Q
what are the 4 major tasks of the digestive system, and what are they ?
A
Ingestion : taking in all the food
**Digestion : **biomolecules are broken down
Absorption : biomolecules are absorbed
Elimination : waste is removed
5
Q
what are the 3 parts of the small intestine
A
Duodenum,
Je Junum
Ileum
6
Q
what is the organ that blocks bolus from going down the trachea
A
epiglottis
7
Q
what are the 2 esophagus sphincters
A
cardiac
pyloric
8
Q
where does most nutrient absorption happen
A
the small intestine
9
Q
what are the functions of the accessory organs
A
Liver :Produces bile which helps break down fats and lipid
Gallbladder : Stores bile
**Pancreas : ** Produces insulin, which regulates glucose
10
Q
what are the functions of the large intestine
A
Home to lots of bacteria such as E Coli
This bacteria helps produce vitamins
**Major function : **reabsorb water, so the body won’t lose any water during the digestive system
11
Q
What is diabetes (what it is, symptoms, treatment)
A
- A disease in which the pancreas produces too much or too little insulin.
**symptoms : **
* Weakness
* Dizziness
treatment
* Insulin
* Better diet
12
Q
What is Collitis
what it is + what it is caused by
A
- Epithelial lining in the large intestine becomes inflamed and stops working properly
- Diagnosed with an endoscope and microscopic examination of tissue samples taken from the colon
**Caused by
* **Bacteria
* Viruses
* Narrowed blood cells
13
Q
What is heartburn
defintion + symptoms + treatment + caused by
A
**defintion : **Acidic fluid from the stomach backs up into the esophagus
Symptoms
* Burning sensation
**Treatment **
* Taking antacids
Caused by :
* eating spicy food
* eating too quickly
* stress
14
Q
what does GERD stand for
A
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
15
Q
what are symptoms of GERD
A
Heartburn
difficulty swallowing
Chest pain
Sore throat
Coughing
Breathing problems
16
Q
What is GERD
A
- Stomach acid refluxes flows out of the stomach, and into the esophagus
- Caused by a weak esophageal sphincter
- Can also be caused by Factors that impact the esophagus function (eg.abnormal bulging of the stomach)
- Effects esophagus, stomach and lungs
- If not treated, it can cause additional health problems
17
Q
what is the treatment for GERD
A
- Changing diet (avoid foods that weaken the LES)
- Taking medications such as proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers, that lower stomach acid production
- If medication / better diet doesn’t work, you can get surgery, most common is** fundoplication surgery : **The top of the stomach is wrapped around the base of the esophagus and sewn into place to support the LES
- **Incisionless Fundoplication : **Fold the fundus in the stomach and tack it below the ELS to provide a barrier
*
18
Q
What is peptic Ulcer Disease
definition + treatment + causes
A
- Having 1 or more sores in the stomach, gastric ulcer or duodenum
- Damage of soares leads to ulcers
- Defect develops in the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum
Symptoms
* Aching / burning in upper abdomen
* Bloating
* Belching
* Vomiting
* Bleeding
* obstruction
**Treatment **
* Need an upper endoscopy / biopsy to diagnosis
* Antibiotics
* Acid lowering medications
* Stay away from caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco
* Surgery
**Causes
**
* Bacteria
* Anti- inflammatory drugs
* Zollinger- ellison syndrome
19
Q
what is gluten / celiac disease
definition + symptoms + Treatment
A
- Some people cannot have gluten because of an autoimmune disorder
- Gluten triggers the immune system to attack the small intestine
- Immune system damage the villi, and the intestinal lining becomes damaged
- Body doesn’t get the nutrients it needs
Symptoms
* Headaches
* Depression
* Anxiety
* Tiredness
* Bone or joint pain
* Itchy skin / blisters (dermatitis Herpetiformis)
In children :
* Stomach pain
* nauseas and vomiting
* Slow growth
* Delayed puberty
**Can lead to :
* **Anemia
* Infertility
* Weak and brittle bones
**Treatment **
* Blood test or biopsy to diagnosis
* Gluten free diet
20
Q
What is the circulatory system
A
the organ system that is made up of the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels; the system that transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and carries away wastes
21
Q
what organ system t transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and carries away wastes
A
Circulatory System
22
Q
what are the 3 main componets of the circulatory system
+ what they do
A
**Blood - **fluid transportation medium
Heart - muscular organ that pumps blood
Blood vessels - tubes to carry blood
23
Q
what does the circulatory system transport
A
Nutrients
Gases
Waste and toxins
Parts of the immune system
24
Q
What are the 4 componets of blood, and what percetnt are they
A
blood - 45%
white blood cells - > 1%
platlets - >1%
plasma 55%
25
what do red blood cells do
contain** hemoglobin,** which picks up oxygen
26
what is the offical name for white blood cells
leukocytes
27
what do white blood cells do ?
Fight disease and infection by destroying foreign materials
28
what do platelets do ?
**Stop bleeding** by giving off a **chemical **that helps blood clot
29
what are the 4 chambers of the heart and what do they do ?
1.** right atrium :** Collects blood from the body and heart
2.** left atrium :** Collects blood from the lungs
3.** right ventricle : **Pumps blood to the lungs
4**. left ventricle : **Pumps blood to the body and heart
30
what is the blood pathway ?
1. Inferior vena cava
2. right atrium
3. Tricupsid Valve
4. Right Ventricle
5. pulmonary valve
6. pulmonary artery
7. lungs - blood is oxyginated
8. pulmonary veins
9. left atrium
10. Bicupsid Valve
11. Left Ventricle
12. aortic valve
13. Aorta
31
what do veins do
* Carry deoxygenated blood TO the heart (oxygen poor) (except for pulmonary veins)
* Has valves to prevent backwards blood flow
* Has extremely large / wide lumen
* Not as wide as arteries
32
what do arteries do
* Carry oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart (oxygen rich) (except for pulmonary veins)(Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs)
* Very small lumen
33
what do capillaries do
* Facilitate exchange of waste, nutrients, gasses, and hormones between the blood and body cells
* Single cell thick
* Take carbon dioxide and other wastes away
* Most nutrients, oxygen, and carbon dioxide DIFFUSE rapidly through capillaries
34
what is Diffusion, and how does it relate to the capillary system ?
diffusion : a transport mechanism for moving chemicals into and out of the cell, from an area of high concentration to lower concentration
how it relates : diffusion relates to the circulatory system through capillaries. Diffusion takes place theough capillaries when materials such as nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide difuse into blood.
35
what is a heart attack, and how does it happen
* The heart needs its own fuel supply, which it gets from the coronary arteries
* As we get older our coronary artery walls is at risk from things such as tobacco, high blood sugar, mechanical injury,
* These risks lead to fatty material build up on the coronary artery walls. This is known as atherosclerosis
* This fatty material leads to plaque, which causes the artery walls to become thinner, and less blood to flow to the heart
* Heart muscle isn’t getting enough oxygen and nutrients
* Plaque buildup will eventually lead to the artery wall to tear, creating a blood clot. The blood clot can block artery opening and prevent blood flow.
* Fuel supply is cut off, heart is deprived of oxygen
* When bloodflow dies, a heart attack occurs
36
what is it called when fatty material build up on the coronary artery walls
atherosclerosis
37
what are symptoms of a heart attack
Chest pain
Laboured breathing
Nausea
Cold sweats
Grey skin
Discomfort in other body parts (usually left arm)
38
what are different treatments for a heart attack
Opening the artery through drugs
**Angioplasty
*** Inserting a catheter, and a small balloon with stunts attached that will open the artery.
**Bypass surgery
*** Take a vein from another body part, and create new path for blood cells to the heart
* Plaque will never go away
39
what is a stroke
Blood supply to the brain is cut off
Brain cells can become damaged or die
40
what are the 2 types of stroke and how arew they different
**Ischemic (most common)
**
* Blood vessel in the brain becomes narrowed and a blot clot forms, causing a blockage
Often called a mini stroke
slurred speech
Confusion
****
**Hemorrhagic **
* Blood vessel ruptures, causing a bleed in the brain
* Damages surrounding brain cells permanently
* Increased risk of Atrial fibrillation (irregular heartbeat)
*
41
what increases your risk of having a stroke
high cholesterol
diabetes
smoking / vaping
obesity
42
what are symptoms of a stroke
Memory loss
Fatigue
Mood and personality changes
Muscles weakness
Communication problems
43
how do you treat a stroke
**Clot busters medication** to help break down clots
**Thrombectomy** : a procedure to remove the clot completely
44
what is a coronary aniogram
* Invasive test to look at the arteries around the heart to detect narrowings or blockages
* A catheter is inserted in a blood vessel in your arm or upper leg
* X-ray images, along with dye are used to view arteries
45
what are the risks of a coronary aniogram
* Bleeding
* Bruising
* Allergic reaction
* Heart attack
* Stroke
* Surgery
46
what is the respitory system
the organ system that is made up of the nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, and lungs; the system that provides oxygen for the body and allows carbon dioxide to leave the body
47
whay system provides oxygen for the body and allows carbon dioxide to leave the body
Respitory System
48
What is the nervous system
the organ system that is made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and the peripheral nerves; the system that senses the environment and coordinates appropriate responses
49
what system senses the environment and coordinates appropriate responses
Nervous System
50
what is the Central Nervous System
the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and the spinal cord
51
what is the Peripheal Nervous System
the part of the nervous system consisting of the nerves that connect the body to the central nervous system
52
what does the central nervous system do ?
(basic info)
* to be protected from physical damage, the central nervous system is shielded by bones
* Skull protects the brain
* Spine protects the spinal cord
* Surrounded by **cerebrospinal fluid.** This fluid helps cushion the brain and spinal cord from injury, transports chemicals, and removes wastes.
53
what are the 3 groups of nerves
1. Nerves that control the voluntary muscles
2. Nerves that carry information from the sense organs (eyes, taste buds, ears) to the brain
3. Nerves that regulate involuntary functions (removing hand from hot surface)
54
What does the Peripheal Nervous System do
* Relays information about the internal and external environment to the brain
* Relays instructions from the brain to other parts of the body to control many of the bodies functions and responses
55
what do nerve tissues do
send information around the body
* they do this by nducting electrical signals (nerve impulses) from one area of the body to another
56
What is mylin and what does it do
* sheath made of fatty material
* acts like insulation on a wire, preventing electrical impulses from passing to the wrong neuron
*
57
what are sensory receptors
pecial cells or tissues that receive input from our external environment and send signals along the peripheral nerves to our central nervous system.
58
what is the overall function of the nervous system
transmit signals in both information between your brain and the rest of your body
59
what are reflexes
actions that do not require the involvement of the brain; they occur without conscious thought. Eg. removing your hand from a hot surface
60
what is a concussion and how does it occur
* Type of traumatic brain injury that occurs when a sudden impact or jolt causes the brain to move rapidly in the skull.
* This sudden movement can cause the brain to bounce or twist, leading to chemical changes and and sometimes stretching or damage to the brain
* The force of the brain hitting against the inside of the skull disrupts its function
61
what can a concussion lead to if it doesn't recover properly
second impact syndrome
62
what are the symptoms + treatment for a concussion
**Symptoms**
Memory problems
Fatigue
Mood changes
**Treatment **
Physical and mental rest
When resting, it gives the brain a chance to heal
Avoiding activities that can lead to further impact (sports, brain-heavy activities
63
what does MS stand for
Multiple Sclerosis
64
what are symptoms + treatment of MS
**Symptoms**
Muscle weakness
Vision problems
Eye pain
Numb weakness
Difficulty with coordination
Fatigue
**Treatment**
There’s no cure
Treatments can help manage symptoms and reduce frequency of flare ups
65
what happens when someone has MS ?
* In MS the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin (protective covering of nerve fibers)
* Myelin helps transmit signals from the brain to the rest of the body. When damaged messages between the brain and body can be slowed, distorted, or blocked.
* There are different types of MS
* Relapsing- remitting MS ( symptoms come and go)
* Progressive MS (symptoms get worse over time)
66
What is parkinsons disorder ?
Disorder that affects the nervous system, particularly in the areas of the brain that control movement
In Parkinson's, parts of the brain called the substantia nigra slowly die. These cells produce dopamine
Dopamine helps control smooth and coordinated muscle movements.
As dopamine levels decrease, it becomes harder for the brain to send movement signals to the muscles
67
What are symptoms + treatment of Parkinson's Disease
**Symptoms**
Tremors
Stiffness
Slow movements
Problems with balance
Mood changes
Sleep problems
Memory problems
Thinking problems
**Treatment**
There’s no cure
Treatments such as medication and physical activity can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life
68
What is the musoskeletal system
the organ system that is made up of bones and skeletal muscle; the system that supports the body, protects delicate organs, and makes movement possible
69
what are the 3 types of connective tissue
1. Bones
2. Ligaments
3. Cartilage
70
what are bones in the muscoskeletal system
Bone tissue is hard and dense
Consists of bone cells within a matrix of minerals, and collagen fibers
Canals inside the bones contain nerves and blood vessels
71
what are ligaments in the muscoskeletal system
Touch elastic connective tissue that holds bone and bone together
Mostly made up of long fibres of collagen
72
what is cartilidge in the muscoskeletal system ?
dense connective tissue found in ears, nose, and joints
Made up of collagen fibres
Provides strong, flexible, low-friction, support for bones and other tissues
Fills space between bones and joints, so they don’t rub against each other
73
What is the function of nuclear pores
allows RNA & protein to pass through the nucleus
74
what is anophase ?
* 3rd stage of mitosis
* centreomere splits
* sister chromatids seperate into daughter chromosomes & move to opposite sides of the cell
75
What is the function of the nuclear membrane
guards the cells nucleus
76
what happens in metaphase
chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
77
what is the function of the endoplasmic recticulum
transports proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another
78
what is mitosis
the stage of the cell cycle in which the DNA in the nucleus is divided
*1st part of cell divion
79
what does DNA stand for
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
80
What is the function of the Golgi Body
Receives proteins & proteins from the ER, packages them then disributes them
* Make and secretes mucus
81
What is the order of the cell cycle
1. Interphase
2. Mitosis
3. Prophase
4. Metaphase
5. Anaphase
6. Teleophase
7. Cytokinesis
82
What is the function of lyosomes
breaks down food and warn out cell parts
83
what is the function of the nucleolus
produces ribsomes
84
what is a chromosome
A structure in the cell nucleus, made of a portion of the cells DNA that is condensed.
85
what is the function of ribosomes
Assembles amino acids to create proteins
86
what happens in telophase
* spindle dissassembles
* Daughter chromosomes stretch out, become thinner & are no longer visable
* chromosomes reappear as chromatin
* cell has 2 nuclei
87
what is interphase
the phase of the cell cycle which the cell perform it's normal functions & genetic material is copied in prep for cell divison
88
what is the function of the mitrochondria
* powerhouse of the cell
* produces energy / makes energy avaliable
89
What is telophase
- final stage of mitosis
- chromatinds unwind
- a nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes at each end of the cell
90
What is the function of chromatin
* contains instructions for directing cell functions
* compresses DNA
91
What is diffusion
a transport mechanism for moving chemicals into & out of the cell from an **area of high concentration to low concentration **
92
what is osmosis
the movement of a fluid (usually water) across a membrane toward an area of high solute concentration
93
What is the function of vacuoles in an animal cell
* contains / removes substances
* varries per cell
94
what is the function of the nucleus
* control centre of the cell
* Contains DNA
* Controlls all cell activity
95
what is asexual reproduction
the process of producing offspring from one parent ; *the production of offspring are gentically identical to the parent *
96
What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum
1. rough endoplasmic Recticum *(ribosmes are attached)*
2. Sooth endoplasmic Recticulum
97
what is the function of chloroplasts
absorbs energy from the sun for photosynthesis
98
what is the function of the major vacuole in a plant cell
contais substances (water) that help keep the cell plump
99
what is the function of the centriole
100
what is the difference between animal and plant cells
plant :
* 1 large vacuole
* chloroplasts
* cell wall
Animal
* centrioles
* multiple vacuoles
101
what are the 4 stages of mitosis
1. prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
102
what is the difference between prokaroytic and eukarotic cells
eukaroyotic have nuclei
103
what is cytokinesis
the cytoplasm divided to form 2 identical cells (final part of cell divison)
104
what is the function of cytoplasm's
allows organelles to move around
105
what are the 3 parts of the cell theory
1. all living things are made up of 1 or more cells & their products
2. The cell is the simplist unit that can carry out all life processes
3. All cells come from pre-existing living cells
106
what is the function of the cell wall
provides support and protection
107
what is metaphase
chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
108
what is the cell membrane
supports the cell
maintains entry of other substances
109
