Biology

Question 1

non-ending circular system

Answer 1

environment provides input to brain, brain processes input & triggers a behavioral output, behavior influences environment

Question 2

Black Box system

Answer 2

genes & environment influence brain, which triggers a behavior

Question 3

Reductionism

Answer 3

complexity of behavior reduced to most basic part; studying basic sections rather than a system in whole (allows analysis on different basis)

Question 4

Rene Descartes

Answer 4

mind and body are different entities (interact over pineal gland) - also behavior triggered by reflexes - contradicts himself: mind controls body by sending animal spirits (info) down to muscle which in turn triggers movement (no mo. without mind)

Question 5

Luigi Galvani

Answer 5

discovered electric nature neurons (electric stimuli causes contractions on nerve even when detached from body - mind sends electric signal through neurons which produces movement)

Question 6

Luigi disproving theory Descartes

Answer 6

in order to move body needs electrical impulse from brain

Question 7

Myelin sheath (Theodor Schwann)

Answer 7

wrapped around axon

Question 8

Joseph Gall

Answer 8

brain contains different areas responsible for different functions -works like a muscle if used a lot it grows (bumbs on head demonstrate part of brain growing)

Question 9

phrenology

Answer 9

reading of bumbs on head (Gall’s theory)

Question 10

Brodmann

Answer 10

cerebral cortex divided in 52 sections - division based on neurons with similar characteristics

Question 11

Cerebral localization

Answer 11

concept that specific part of brain are responsible fro different functions

Question 12

Phineas Gage case

Answer 12

iron rod went through his skull, destroyed frontal lobe - affect his ability to inhibit activity

Question 13

Silver staining (by Golgi)

Answer 13

strategy to identify separate neurons & learn more about their shape and structure - discovered neurons separate entities rather than branches in continuous network

Question 14

Synapse

Answer 14

space between neurons, allows neurons to interact with one another

Question 15

Neurotransmitter

Answer 15

chemical messenger transmitting signals between nerve cells in brain throughout nervous system (electro-chemical communication)

Question 16

Penfield

Answer 16

send electric signal to different areas of cerebral cortex, while patient was awake; they had to describe what they were feeling

Question 17

Patient HM (studied by Milner)

Answer 17

suffering with untreatable epilepsy: parts of both temporal lobe removed & hippocampus (elimination seizure & anterograde amnesia)

Question 18

Simple cells (vision)

Answer 18

detect lines in environment

Question 19

Complex cells (vision)

Answer 19

respond to movement

Question 20

retina

Answer 20

when light enters eye through cornea, its projected onto retina; sensitive to light, containing photoreceptors, crucial for vision

Question 21

Libet (pre-determinism)

Answer 21

conscious decisions predetermined by unconsciousness; the unconsciousness sends 300 ms before making the conscious decision to move your hand for ex. an electric signal

Question 22

Neuron

Answer 22

basic, functional unit of nervous system; function is receiving and processing impulses from sensory receptors and other neurons and sends impulses to neurons or effector organs - like other human cells with soma, cytoplasm, organelles

Question 23

Glia

Answer 23

support cells for neurons (helps to send electric signal); control blood flow in brain, control amount of neurotransmitter neuron releases, produces myelin sheath, produces and circulates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 24

cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 24

fluid surrounding spinal cord and brain, protects them in case of trauma & delivers nutrients to CNS

Question 25

Soma

Answer 25

cell body of neuron; contains nucleus, mitochondria, ...

Question 26

nucleus

Answer 26

holds cells genetic info; containing chromosomes (type of protein - determines type of cell)

Question 27

mitochondria

Answer 27

metabolic activity, energy function

Question 28

Dendrites

Answer 28

branches emerging from soma - receives stimulation from several neurons over synapses; a lot of info at the same time

Question 29

Axon

Answer 29

long cell body of neuron; electric impulse is send away from cell body along axon; send to axon terminal from which it is connected with effector organs or other neurons over synapse

Question 30

effector organs

Answer 30

Muscles, organs, glands

Question 31

Myelin sheath

Answer 31

axon covered in lipoprotein material; increases efficiency of neural impulse (otherwise slower, weaker, more energy needed)

Question 32

afferent (neurons)

Answer 32

sends sensory input from PNS to CNS (info send away from senses towards a structure)

Question 33

efferent (neurons)

Answer 33

info from CNS to PNS (effector organs) - produces movement

Question 34

Neurons sending complex info?

Answer 34

receiving several inputs from different neurons (impulses with different durations, time between input,...) - integrator of info from multiple inputs; also decision maker (excitation or inhibition)

Question 35

excitation

Answer 35

signal from one neuron to another (basically signal to other neuron to "fire and react") - increases likelihood that receiving neon becomes active - dependent on neurotransmitter

Question 36

inhibition

Answer 36

signal from one neuron to another _ decreases likelihood that receiver neuron becomes active (controlling/balancing excitatory signals - preventing overstimulation) - dependent on neurotransmitter

Question 37

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 37

brain & spinal cord

Question 38

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 38

rest of body (excluding CNS)

Question 39

Nervous System

Answer 39

network of nerves & cells that coordinates and controls activity around the body; enables communication between brain and body

Question 40

Brain function

Answer 40

processes external sensory stimulation - producing voluntary and involuntary responses

Question 41

Spinal cord function

Answer 41

contains bundles of sensory neurons, carrying somatosensory info from body to brain; also contains motor neurons who send info from brain to effective organs , produces reflexive behavior with little influence from brain

Question 42

somatosensory info

Answer 42

sensory data collected from skin, muscles, joints,... (data that allows us to perceive physical sensations) - touch, temperature, Pain, pressure,...

Question 43

Meninges

Answer 43

3 layers of protective membranes surrounding brain & spinal cord

Question 44

Blood-brain barrier

Answer 44

protects CNS from toxins

Question 45

Nerves (PNS) - axon

Answer 45

connect brain & spinal cord with rest of body - communication between muscles, skin , organs

Question 46

Tract (CNS)

Answer 46

bundle of axons in brain and spinal cord

Question 47

Ganglion (PNS)

Answer 47

collection of of neuron cell bodies

Question 49

Tract (CNS) - axon

Answer 49

carry signals between different parts of brain, brain and spinal cord

Question 50

Ganglion (PNS) - soma

Answer 50

signals are being processed before passing to other nerves

Question 51

Nucleus (CNS) - soma

Answer 51

processing center for different infos & play key role in coordinating various functions in brain & spinal cord

Question 52

Reference axes

Answer 52

system to identify & describe different parts of nervous system (3-Dimensional: Up-down, Left-right, Forwards-backwards)

Question 53

Neuraxis

Answer 53

imaginary line in CNS (from lower end of spine to front of brain) to describe locations and directions of NS

Question 54

Dorsal surface

Answer 54

top of head & back of body

Question 55

Ventral surface

Answer 55

front of body