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Exams unit 2 > biology > Flashcards

biology Flashcards

To kill the exam

1
Q

Abiotic factors/ecosystem

A

a non-living part of an ecosystem that shapes its environment.
Example: Light, water

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2
Q

Biotic factors/ecosystem

A

a living organism that shapes its environment.
Example: fish, seaweed

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3
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

a mode of reproduction in which only one parent is involved to reproduce offspring.
Example: mud worms

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4
Q

What are the types of asexual reproduction and give a definition for each

A
  • binary fission
  • budding
    -vegetative propagation
    -spore formation
    (sporogenesis)
    -fragmentation
    -parthenogenesis
    -apomixis
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5
Q

What is it and it’s Definition for Binary Fission

A

the method of cell
replication used by prokaryotes

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6
Q

What is it and it’s Definition for spore formation
(sporogenesis)

A

haploid unicellular bodies that are produced

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7
Q

What is it and it’s Definition for budding

A

Budding is an asexual reproduction method in which a new organism develops from a bud of an existing organism

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8
Q

What is it and it’s Definition for vegetative propagation

A

Vegetative Propagation is the mode of asexual reproduction occurring in all vascular plants.

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9
Q

What is it and it’s Definition for fragmentation

A

In general, fragmentation refers to the state or the process of breaking into smaller parts, called fragments. In biology, it may refer to the reproductive fragmentation process as a form of asexual reproduction or to a step in certain cellular activities, such as apoptosis and DNA cloning

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10
Q

What is it and it’s Definition for parthenogenesis

A

Parthenogenesis is reproduction without fertilization, an ovum developing into a new individual without fertilization by a sperm.

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11
Q

What is it and it’s Definition for apomixis

A

Apomixis is referred to as the process of formation of the plant from a seed without fertilization or normal sexual reproduction. They are also directly developed from diploid eggs present in the embryo sac.

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12
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

sexual reproduction, the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes.

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13
Q

Surface-Area to volume ratio
and heat loss

A

The larger the animal, the smaller the surface area-to-volume ratio and so the less relative area there is to lose heat. This means that for identically shaped animals of different sizes, the large one will keep its temperature more easily.

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14
Q

Adaptations

A

changes in the body to fit a location

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15
Q

-Structural/physical

A

Structural adaptations are those that change the physical, outward features of an organism or species

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16
Q

-Physiological

A

Physiological adaptation is an internal body process to regulate and maintain homeostasis for an organism to survive in the environment in which it exist

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17
Q

-Behavioral

A

Behavioral adaptation: something an animal does usually in response to some type of external stimulus in order to survive
Example hibernation

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18
Q

Carrying capacity of a habitat

A

the number of individuals an environment can support without significant negative impacts to the given organism and its environment.

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19
Q

Keystone species

A

an organism that helps hold the system together. Without its keystone species, ecosystems would look very different

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20
Q

Indigenous management
techniques

A
  • Burning the environment to encourage new growth as well as prevent large seasonal bush fires
  • channeled and filtered their water
  • safe fishing to protect the marines diversity
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21
Q

Interactions between
ecosystems

A

The three types of interactions in an ecosystem are competition, predation and symbiosis. Symbiosis also contains three different types of interactions including mutualism, commensalism and parasitism.

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22
Q

Biodiversity and species
richness

A

richness is expressed as the number of species and is usually called species richness.

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23
Q

Adaptations for aquatic
environments-plants and
animals

A
24
Q

Adaptations for dry
environments-plants and
animals

A
  • Lots of wildlife and plants find ways of storing of extra water for long periods of time
25
Q

Apex predators

A

predators at the top of the food change

26
Q

Population density and size

A

the amount of induvials in one location

27
Q

Population distribution

A

describes how the individuals of a population spread out across their habitat

28
Q

Sexual v asexual reproduction in
plants

A

Asexual reproduction in plants does not require a flower and these plants population thrive well however sexual reproduction needs both a male and female plant to produce an offspring these plants are limited

29
Q

Cloning-embryo splitting

A

Embryo splitting involves bisecting the multicellular embryo at an early stage of development to generate “twins”

30
Q

Cloning-somatic cell nuclear
transfer

A

Somatic cell cloning (cloning or nuclear transfer) is a technique in which the nucleus (DNA) of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated metaphase-II oocyte for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor

31
Q

Cloning-plants

A

plant cloning is the production of a cell, cell component, or plant that is genetically identical to the unit or individual from which it was derived.

32
Q

Gene pool

A
33
Q

Genetic diversity

A

Genetic diversity is the biological variation that occurs within species. It makes it possible for species to adapt when the environment changes. Genetic diversity is particularly important under rapid environmental change, such as in the Baltic Sea

34
Q

crossing over
stages they occur in meiosis

A

crossing over occurs in prophase 1 ; Crossing over results in the formation of new recombinant Chromatids each with its own unique combination of alleles

35
Q

independent assortment

A

Independent assaultment occurs in. occurs in metaphase one. pairs of homologous chromosomes line up on the opposite sides of the metaplate. resulting combination of alleles in each daughter cell is randomised

36
Q

meiosis stages

A

interphase
Prophase.1
metaphase.1
Anaphase.1
telephase.1
Prophase11
metaphase.11
Anaphase.11
telephase.11

37
Q

what happens in interphase

A

Before mitosis a cell goes through interphase. This stage is where the cell grows and duplicates all of its chromosomes in preparation for division.

38
Q

what happens in prophase 1

A

DNA condensers into chromosomes.

39
Q

what happens in meterphase 1

A

Pairs of chromosomes line up in the middle.

40
Q

what happens in anaphase 1

A

Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell.

41
Q

what happens in telephase 1

A

Two unique life form.

42
Q

genomes vs genes

A

A gene is a specific segment of DNA that tells cells how to function. A genome is the entirety of the genetic material inside an organism.

43
Q

karyotypes

A
44
Q

haploid

A

Haploid describes a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes

45
Q

diploid

A

(DIP-loyd) A term that describes a cell or organism with two complete sets of chromosomes

46
Q

Incomplete dominance.

A

Incomplete dominance is a form of Gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype.

47
Q

complete dominance

A

Complete dominance is a condition wherein the dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele; consequently, both alleles must be recessive for the recessive allele to be expressed.

48
Q

codominance

A

Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual.

49
Q

epigenetics

A

Epigenetics is the study of heritable and stable changes in gene expression that occur through alterations in the chromosome rather than in the DNA sequence.

50
Q

Genotype

A

A genotype is a set of letters that expresses which alleles are present in an individual or a gamete.

51
Q

phenotype

A

Phenotype refers to an individual’s observable traits, such as height, eye color and blood type.

52
Q

recombinant chromosome

A

allows large sections of the DNA double helix to move from one chromosome to another

53
Q

enviromental change

A

Environmental change occurs as a result of both natural and human processes.

54
Q

Guard cell adaptations

A

Guard cells are adapted to their function by allowing gas exchange and controlling water loss within the leaf.

55
Q

Stomata adaptations

A

having a large surface area, and contain openings, called stomata. They control gas exchange by opening and closing and are involved in loss of water from leaves

Exams unit 2 (2 decks)

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