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Biology Paper 1 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water -> Glucose +Oxygen

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2
Q

What is 3 factors that limit photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide concentration
temeprature
amount of chlorophyll in the leaves

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3
Q

Why do farmers want to increase the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Because it increases the yield of crops they produce.

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4
Q

How do farmers do this?

A

Farmers do this by lighting and heating up their greenhouses.

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5
Q

What is a downside to increase the rate of photosynthesis for increase in yields?

A

It is quite expensive so the extra cost is justified by the increasing yield.

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6
Q

What is the rate of diffusion affected by?

A

Difference in concentration
temperature
surface area of membrane

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6
Q

What are the 3 molecules that move in and out via diffusion?

A

Oxygen, Carbon dioxide and urea

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6
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the spreading out of particles resulting in a net movment from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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7
Q

What is urea?

A

urea is a waste product produced inside the cells

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8
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permable membrane.

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9
Q

What are the differences between diffusion and active transport?

A

Diffusion does not require energy while active transport does.
Diffusion particles move down the concentration gradient while in active transport particles are moved against the concentration gradient.

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10
Q

What does aphids do to plants?

A

aphids extract nutrients such as sugars from the plant which cause stunted growth.

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11
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport moves substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

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12
Q

What does a lack of nitrate ions cause?

A

stunted growth

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12
Q

What are some symptoms of disease in plants?

A

Discolouration
Spots
stunted growth
decay

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12
Q

How do we identify the disease of a plant?

A

Use a garden manual or a Garden website
We can also use testing kits containing monoclonal antibodies.

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12
Q

What does nitrate ions needed for?

A

protein synthesis for growth

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12
Q

What does a lack of magnesum ion cause?

A

yellow leaves

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13
Q

What is magnesum ion used for?

A

Magnesium is required to make fhlorophyll meaning less photosynthesis

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14
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Antibiotics are a type of medicine used to treat and prevent bacterial infections.

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15
Q

What do we call it when some bacteria is unaffected by the antibiotics?

A

Antibiotic resistance

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16
Q

What are the 6 main factors of antibiotic resistance?

A

Over prescribing
not finishing the ful treatment course
over use in fish farming
poor infection control in hospitals
lack of hygeine
lack of new antibiotic development

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17
Q

What is translocation?

A

Translocation is the movement of dissolved sugars around the plant

18
Q

What does phloem transport?

A

dissovled sugars

19
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Transpiration is the movement of water away from the plant’s leaves from the inside of the plant.

20
Q

What does xylem transport

A

Water and minerals

21
Q

How can the rate of transpiration be affected?

A

Light intensity
Temperature
Humidity
Air flow

22
Q

How do we test for Proteins?

A

Buriet Solution

23
Q

How do we test for starch?

A

Iodine Solution

24
Q

How do we test for sugars?

A

Benedicts Solution

25
Q

What happens when starch is present?

A

Colour goes from orange to black if starch is present

25
Q

How do we test for lipids/fats?

A

Ethanol

26
Q

What happens when protein is present?

A

Colour goes from blue to lilac/purple if protein is present

26
Q

What happens when sugar is present?

A

Colour goes from blue to brick red if sugars are present
(can be orange)

27
Q

What happens if lipids/fats are present?

A

If lipids are present colour white forms.

28
Q

What must we not do in the required practical when we are testing lipids?

A

do not filter (step 3)

29
Q

What do we need when we are testing for sugars?

A

we need to use a bubble bath

29
Q

What do enzymes do in a chemical reaction?

A

Enzymes catalyse (speed up) the chemical reaction.

30
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are large protein molecules and they have a groove called the active site.

31
Q

What are proteins broken down by enzymes into?

A

Protease

32
Q

Where do you find protease in?

A

Pancreas
stomach
small intestine

33
Q

What are proteins?

A

Long chains of amino acids.

34
Q

What does starch consist of and how is it broken down?

A

Consists of a chain of glucose molecules and is broken down by carbohydrases in terms of starch it is called amalyse.

35
Q

Where is amalyse found in?

A

salavia and pancreatic fluid

36
Q

What does lipid molecules consist of and where is it found?

A

Consists of glycerol attached to three molecules of fatty acids it is found in pancreatic fluid and small intestine

37
Q

What is needed for the digestion of lipids?

A

bile

38
Q

What is bile?

A

Bile is not an enzyme.
it speeds up the digestion of lipids.

39
Q

Define the term cell cycle

A

The process through which cells divide into 2 new cells.

40
Q

What happens in stage 1 mitosis cell cycle?

A

The DNA replicates to form two sets of chromosomes.
the cell then grows and copies internal structures.
examples are mitochondria and ribersomes

41
Q

What happens in stage 2 mitosis cell cycle?

A

This is where mitosis takes place where one set of chromosome is pulled to each end of a cell.
The nucleus also divides.

42
Q

What happens in the final stage of mitiosis during cell cycle?

A

Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two identical new cells

43
Q

List 3 functions of mitosis in cell cycle

A

For growth and development in multicellular structures for example animals and plants.
Mitosis happens during asexual reproduction.
Mitosis takes place when a organism repairs itself.

44
Q

What are the two types of tumours that can cause cancer?

A

Benign tumours and malignant tumours

45
Q

What is a benign tumour and what does it do?

A

benign tumours are growth of abnormal cells which are found in one area.
usually contained with a membrane
they do not invade other parts of the body they stay in place

46
Q

What is a malignant tumour and what does it do?

A

They invade neighbouring tissues and move into the bloodstream.
Maligant tumours cells are classed as cancerous.
Once in the bloodstream they spread to other parts of the body which forms new tumours
these are called secondary tumours

47
Q

What are 3 examples of risk factores developing cancer and give examples of each?

A

Genetics-breast cancer, prostate cancer,, large intestine cancer.
Lifestyle-smoking=lung cancer, alcolhol=mouth cancer, ultraviolet=skin cancer.

48
Q

What is radeon?

A

Radeon is a substance from our environment that can cause cancer.
Radeon is a radioactive gas that releases ionising radiation which damages the DNA.

Biology Paper 1 (3 decks)

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