Biology

Question 1

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Answer 1

• single stranded
• acts as a messenger that carries DNA information
• located in cytoplasm

Question 2

What makes up one nucleotide?

Answer 2

Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base, and backbone

Question 3

Antiparallel

Answer 3

• the DNA strands run in opposite directions
• the sugar and phosphate go in opposite directions

Question 4

Importance of protein

Answer 4

• repairs and builds the body
• balances the pH in the body
• keep immune system strong

Question 5

What type of nitrogenous bae contains a double carbon ring?

Answer 5

Purine

Question 6

How many hydrogen bonds are needed for cytosine and guanine to bond together?

Answer 6

3

Question 7

What part of the DNA is considered anti-parallel?

Answer 7

Sugar and phosphate

Question 8

Where is RNA located?

Answer 8

Cytoplasm

Question 9

What is a chromosome?

Answer 9

A thread-like structure made of DNA

Question 10

DNA replication (transcription)

Answer 10

• hydrogen bonds broken by helicase which acts as a catalyst
• creates mRNA

Question 11

Ribosome

Answer 11

A cell organelle that reads the mRNA code and constructs protein

Question 12

Protein

Answer 12

A long chain of amino acid molecules

Question 13

Codon

Answer 13

3 nitrogenous bases that code for a specific amino acid

Question 14

Protein synthesis

Answer 14

• mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm of the cell
• ribosomes finds the start codon
• ribosomes attaches amino acids together until it reaches the stop codon

Question 15

What is a mutation

Answer 15

• a change in the DNA nucleotide base sequence
• can occur randomly or because of environmental factors
• potentially altering the amino acids together until sequence, and therefore the protein

Question 16

Substitution

Answer 16

One base gets replaced by another

Question 17

Silent mutation

Answer 17

The nitrogenous base change does not cause an amino acid change, so the mutation has no effect on the organism.

Question 18

Missense mutation

Answer 18

• the substitution alters the codon for a different amino acid, which might alter the function of the protein.

Question 19

Nonsense mutation

Answer 19

• a substitution produces a stop codon, usually leading the protein being non-functional

Question 20

Frameshift mutation

Answer 20

• when bases are inserted or deleted, which changes the amino acid code all the way down the strand.

Question 21

Insertion

Answer 21

• a nitrogenous base is added

Question 22

Deletion

Answer 22

• a nitrogenous base is removed

Question 23

What is mRNA?

Answer 23

• single stranded RNA molecule that encodes information to make a protein

Question 24

What is t-RNA?

Answer 24

• a type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids through anti-codons during protein synthesis

Question 25

Steps in transcription (DNA replication)

Answer 25

1) DNA strands split apart by helicase which is can enzyme that triggers the breaking of hydrogen bonds.
2) RNA polymerase creates mRNA so that it can leave the nucleus and go to the cytoplasm

Question 26

Steps in translation (protein synthesis)

Answer 26

1) mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm
2) ribosomes finds the start codon
3) tRNA anti codons find complementary matches with mRNA codons and gathers amino acids together until the stop codon
4) tRNA leaves the ribosomes and amino acids chains break and form proteins

Question 27

Promoter sequence

Answer 27

The codon for the start of protein synthesis

Question 28

Terminator sequence

Answer 28

The codon that indicates the end of the protein synthesis

Question 29

Point mutation

Answer 29

A change in a single nitrogenous base in a DNA sequence