Biology Flashcards
organisms that produce their own food
producers (autotrophs)
ex. plants, microorganisms
organisms that consume food
consumers (heterotrophs)
primary consumers that only eats plants
herbivores
secondary consumers that eat meat and live off primary consumerse
carnivores
the consumers’ fungi and bacteria are also called…?
decomposers
they break down grass, tree trunks, and animal remains so that nutrients return to the soil
has many overlapping food chains of producers and consumers
food web
it shows the number of organisms in each trophic level
ecological pyramid
shows the number of organisms in each trophic level and does not take into consideration the size of the organisms, the emphasis is only in the number: whether many or few
number pyramid
indicates the total mass of the organisms in each trophic level; the size of the organism is emphasized here
biomass pyramid
indicates the total amount of energy present in each tropic level; it also shows the loss of energy from one trophic level to the next
energy pyramid
happens when toxic chemicals whose remains in the environment are consumed indirectly by organisms through food
when an organism in the higher food chain consumes the lower organism containing such chemicals, the chemicals can get accumulated in the higher organism
biomagnification
a state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly
homeostasis or equilibrium
list the percentages of energy in an energy pyramid
producer: 100%
primary consumer: 10%
secondary consumer: 1%
third level consumer: 0.1%
fourth level consumer: 0.01%
defined as a close, prolonged association between two or more different biological species
symbiosis
where both species involved benefit from an interaction
mutualism
where one species benefits while the other is harmed from an interaction
parasitism
where one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter
commensalism
trees that lose and regrow their leaves each year
deciduous trees
trees that stay green year-round
coniferous trees
organisms of two species use the same limited resource and have a negative impact on each other
competition
amember of one species, predator, eats all or part of the body of a member of another species, prey
predation
it is the coldest of the biomes. it also receives low amounts of precipitation, making it similar to a desert
the tundra biome
first postulate of cell theory
All living organisms are made up of cells or the products of the cells.
second postulate of cell theory
Cells are the fundamental building blocks of tissues, organs, and entire functioning organisms.
third postulate of cell theory
New cells are formed through division in the pre-existing cells.
two primary types of eukaryotic cells
animal and plant cells
primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles are only present in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells make up prokaryotes and eukaryotes, respectively. Prokaryotes are always unicellular, while eukaryotes are often multi-celled organisms.
parts of a plant cell
A plant cell has a cell wall, which is a hard cellular membrane surrounding the cell; a large vacuole; and chloroplasts that undergo photosynthesis by using light as energy for the cell.
parts of an animal cell
animal cells have only a cellular membrane, typically small vacuoles, and no chloroplasts.
Structure Of Eukaryotic Cell
- Plasma Membrane
- Cell Wall
- Cytoskeleton
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Nucleus
- Golgi Apparatus
- Ribosomes
- Mitochondria
- Lysosomes
- Plastids
is the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane
osmosis
this cell includes Bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cell Structure
- Capsule
- Cell Wall
- Cytoplasm
- Cell Membrane
- Pili
- Flagella
- Ribosomes
- Plasmids
- Nucleoid Region
what is the universal receiver in blood types
AB
what is the universal donor in blood types
O
Active transport in cells
the molecules are moved across the cell membrane, pumping the molecules against the concentration gradient using ATP (energy).
Passive transport in cells
the molecules are moved within and across the cell membrane and thus transporting it through the concentration gradient, without using ATP (energy).
the branch of embryology that compares and contrasts embryos of different species
comparative embryology
what is The Calvin cycle
the process plants and other autotrophs use to create nutrients from sunlight and carbon dioxide
How many chromosomes do people have?
Humans have 22 pairs of numbered chromosomes (autosomes) and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY), for a total of 46.
the cycle of phases that the moon displays to us takes ____ days to complete
29.53 days
What are the eight lunar phases
in order: new moon, waxing crescent (light on right side), first quarter (half), waxing gibbous (big light on right side), full moon, waning gibbous (big light on left side), third quarter (half), and waning crescent (light on left side).
what are the two kinds of alleles
dominant allele: B
recessive allele: b
genotypes
homozygous allele: BB
heterozygous: Bb
homozygous recessive: bb
homozygous allele
BB
heterozygous
Bb
homozygous recessive
bb
