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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

How is life recognized?

A

-Ordered structures
-reproduction
-growth and development encoded by DNA
-response to environmental stimuli
-energy processing
-regulatory mechanisms
-evolutionary adaptations
(3R, 2E, OG)

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2
Q

What does Homo sapiens mean?
What are the parts of this name?

A

Homo sapiens means “wise man”
“homo” is the genius “sapiens” is the species

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3
Q

Taxonomy is the branch of biology that…

A

Names and classifies species

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4
Q

Group names of organisms, going from broader to smaller:

A

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genius
species
“ king Philip came over for good soup”

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5
Q

There are also “domains”which are the largest groups of organisms. There are three domains:

A

3 domains that include all living organisms:

Bacteria: single celled
Archaea: single celled
Eukarya: multi celled

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6
Q

Life’s hierarchy of organization

A

Biosphere
ecosystem
community
population
organism
organ
tissue
cell
organelle
molecule
(Becpootcom)

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7
Q

What are recorded observations called? What types of recorded observations exist?

A

recorded observations are called “data” and data can be qualitative which is descriptive, or quantitative, which is generally numerical measurements.

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8
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a set of observations, and it leads to predictions that can be tested by performing experiments.

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9
Q

In science, can we ever prove that a hypothesis is true?

A

No. There could be multiple explanations for any scenario but multiple rounds of hypothesis testing may lead to a scientific consensus, which is the shared conclusion of many scientists that a particular hypothesis explains the known data.

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10
Q

What is a theory?

A

The theory is much broader in scope and is supported by a large and growing body of evidence. The scope and the quantity of evidence differentiates this from a hypothesis.

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11
Q

What is the main requirement for a scientific hypothesis?

A

It must generate predictions that can be tested by experiments or gathering further observations.

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12
Q

What is a controlled experiment?

A

In an experimental test of a hypothesis, a researcher manipulates one component in the system and observes the effects of this change.

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13
Q

What is the factor that is being manipulated by the researchers?

A

The factor that is being manipulated is called the independent variable

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14
Q

What is the measure used to judge the outcome of the experiment?

A

the measure used to judge the outcome of the experiment is called the dependent variable. This variable depends on, or is affected by, the manipulated variable.

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15
Q

What is a controlled experiment?

A

A controlled experiment is one in which an experimental group is compared with a control group.

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16
Q

What is a clinical trial or a clinical study?

A

A Clinical trial or clinical study is a controlled experiment involving humans, such as tests of new medications.

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17
Q

In the medical trial, what are the control group participants given?

A

The control group participants are often given a placebo, which is a treatment such as a sugar pill that doesn’t contain the substance being studied.

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18
Q

What is a double blind study?

A

In a double blind trial, neither the researchers nor subjects know who is in which group. (Control group or experimental group.)

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19
Q

In some studies, researchers try to match the sex, age, and general health of subjects in the control and experimental groups. What is this experimental design trying to do?

A

Ensure that the two groups differ only in the one variable the experiment is designed to test.

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20
Q

How do you classify animals into different families?

A

In the red panda example, sometimes scientists hypothesize the red panda is more closely related to raccoons based on PHYSICAL APPEARANCE. Other scientists observed that the DIET AND HABITAT of the red panda was more similar to giant pandas placing the two animals together in a bear family. Lastly, scientists increasingly use DNA sequencing to test evolutionary relationships.

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21
Q

Should red pandas be grouped with raccoons or giant pandas? What does the DNA sequencing suggest?

A

DNA sequencing suggest that the red panda is not in the same family as raccoons or giant pandas and they are in their own family.

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22
Q

Explain why comparisons of DNA sequences are considered observational and not experimental data

A

Scientists are not manipulating DNA sequences in any type of experiment, but are simply recording and comparing the differences and sequences that they observe.

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23
Q

How would you describe the process of science?

A

The process of science is repetitive, nonlinear and collaborative.

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24
Q

How do scientist share information with their community?

A

Information is shared through seminars meetings, personal communication and scientific publications.

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25
How are scientific articles reviewed before being published?
Before the results of hypothesis testing are published in a peer review journal, the research is evaluated by qualified, impartial and often anonymous experts, who are not involved in the study.
26
How do science and technology interact?
New scientific discoveries may lead to new technologies: new technologies may increase the ability of scientists to discover new knowledge.
27
Are there more real flamingos on earth or plastic flamingos?
Henry tells me there are more plastic flamingos. This is not part of the textbook.
28
How was the structure of DNA discovered?
Watson and Crick used X-ray crystallography
29
How many people are there on earth?
7.3 billion
30
Darwin‘s theory of evolution. When did he publish on this?
Charles Darwin published on “the origin of species by natural selection” in November 1859
31
Darwin’s first main point in “origin of species”
“Descent with modification”. The flamingo, penguin and hummingbird all have wings, big feet and feathers, but structures are highly specialized for each birds unique lifestyle.
32
What is Darwin‘s second point?
He proposed a mechanism for evolution which he called natural selection.
33
Observation #1 and observation #2
Individual variation, overproduction of offspring
34
Inference # 1 and inference #2
Unequal reproductive success, accumulation of favorable traits over time.
35
What lines of evidence support the theory of evolution by natural selection?
Fossil record, experiments, observations of natural selection in action, and ever increasing numbers of DNA comparisons.
36
Explain the cause and effect of unequal reproductive success
Those individuals with heritable traits best suited to the local environment produce the greatest number of offspring. Over many generations, the proportion of these adaptive traits increases in the population.
37
What is artificial selection?
Through selective breeding of plants and animals humans can act as agents of evolution.
38
Explain how humans are agents of both artificial selection and natural selection.
We use artificial selection when choosing specific traits or genes in organisms that we breed. Our intentional and unintentional manipulations, change the environment, and thus affect natural selection.
39
What does DNA do?
DNA provides the master instructions for all cell functions.
40
How does the molecular structure of DNA accountability to include and transmit information?
Each DNA molecule is made up of 2 long chains called strands, coiled together into a double helix.
41
The strands are made up of four nucleotides with different colors and letter abbreviations in figure 1.11 a. What are the four nucleotides?
A combines with T, and G combines with C.
42
What is a gene?
A gene is a sequence of thousands of nucleotides that provide the blueprint for making a protein.
43
What is gene expression?
Gene expression is the process of taking information from DNA, transcribing that information to an intermediate molecule called RNA, and then the RNA carries the information to the protein manufacturing machinery in the cell.
44
How is signaling information involved in the expression of genetic information?
Information from the internal and external environment affects gene expression – where, and when particular genes are activated and proteins made.
45
Look at the structure of your hand and explain how it structure supports its function
The finger joints and opposable digits allow you to manipulate objects.
46
Photosynthesis in brief.
Plants absorb water and mineral through roots and takes in CO2 from the air. In photosynthesis, energy from sunlight is stored and atoms in CO2 and H2O are rearranged into sugar molecules.
47
Energy cycling
Energy flows into most ecosystems as sunlight and photosynthetic organisms (plants) convert this energy into sugars and other energy rich molecules. These molecules are passed through a series of consumers (animals). In the process of these energy conversions between organisms, some energy is always converted to heat.
48
Matter cycling
Matter also cycles within an ecosystem from the air and soil to producers (plants), to consumers and decomposers (animals) back to the air and soil
49
Describe how photosynthesis transforms energy and matter
Using the energy of sunlight, CO2 and water are converted into sugar molecules with stored chemical energy
50
What is systems biology?
Here, scientists attempt to model the behavior of biological systems by analyzing the interactions among their parts. This could be within the proteins of a fruit fly cell or on a more macro level with the sloth in a tree
51
Summary what are the five unifying themes in biology?
1 evolution is the core theme and biology. 2 life depends on the flow of information 3 structure and functional related. 4 life depends on the transfer and transformation of energy and matter 5 life depends on interaction between systems.
52
Start chapter 2 what is matter? What are three physical states?
Matter is anything that occupied space and mass. matter is found on earth as solid liquid and gas
53
What is an element? How many elements are there there in nature?
An element is a substance that can be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means. 92
54
what is a compound?
The compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
55
What are the most common elements in living organisms?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
56
How many essential elements are required for life for humans? How many for plants?
Humans 25 Plants 17
57
What are trace elements?
These are elements present in very small quantities, including boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, and zinc
58
Explain how table salt illustrates the concept of emergent properties
The elements that make up the edible crystals of table soap, sodium and chlorine, are in pure form, both a metal and a poisonous gas
59
What is the global strategy to eliminate iodine deficiency?
Universal iodization of salt used for human consumption.
60
What are atoms made of?
Protons, neutrons and electrons.
61
Arrangement of a helium atom
There are two protons and two neutrons in the nucleus and two electrons spin like a cloud around the nucleus. The protons are positively charged and the electrons are negatively charged.
62
What is the atomic number?
All atoms up a particular element have the same unique number of protons. This is the element’s atomic number.
63
What is the mass number of an atom?
An atom’s mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. For helium the mass number is four.
64
What is an atom’s atomic mass?
An atom’s atomic mass is approximately equal to its mass number, the sum of its protons and neutrons, measured in daltons. Protons and neutrons each have masses close to one Dalton. An electron has only about 1/2000 the mass of a proton so its mass doesn’t add much to the atomic mass.
65
What is an isotope?
Different isotopes of an element have the same number of protons, but they have different numbers of neutrons. They behave identically in chemical reactions. (Ex carbon 12 and 13)
66
What is a radioactive isotope?
A radioactive isotope is one in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy.
67
Two ways that radioactive isotopes can be used.
1) Basic research: biologists can use radioactive tracers to follow molecules as they undergo chemical changes. 2) Medical diagnosis and treatment: Radioactive isotopes can be used to tag chemicals that accumulate specific areas of the body. Special camera can produce an image of where the radiation collects. Isotopes can also be used for treatment, with the example being radioactive iodine. Iodine tends to accumulate in the human thyroid, and can be used to treat cancer in that gland.
68
Why are radioactive isotopes useful as tracers in research on the chemistry of life?
organisms incorporate radioactive devotes into their molecules and researchers can use special scanning devices to detect these isotopes in biological pathways or locations in the body.
69
How are electrons structured around an atom?
Electrons can be located in different electron shells, each with a characteristic distance from the nucleus.
70
How are electrons structured around an atom?
Electrons can be located in different electron shells, each with a characteristic distance from the nucleus.
71
What is the biggest determinant of the chemical properties of an atom?
It is the number of electrons present in the outermost shell, called the VALENCE shell, that mostly determines the chemical properties of an atom.
72
What is a chemical bond between atoms?
When two atoms with incomplete outer shells interact, they may give up, accept, or share electrons so that both partners end up with completed outer shells.
73
What is an ionic bond?
The actual transfer an electron between atoms results in an attraction called an ionic bond. Ex: Salt.
74
What is an ionic bond?
The actual transfer an electron between atoms results in an attraction called an ionic bond. Ex: Salt.
75
What is a covalent bond?
In a covalent bond atoms do not transfer electrons, but actually share electrons between the. Sharing one or more pairs of electrons enables atoms to complete their outer shells.
76
Page 27
I’m hoping you already covered this in chemistry…?
77
Bottom of page 27. Do you understand how water molecules are attracted to each other?
Hydrogen bonding is why if you do bellyflop on a pool of water it hurts. Of course, a bellyflop in olive oil would not hurt. This also allows water to be pulled up into plants. The oxygen side of the molecule is slightly negative and the hydrogen side of the molecule is slightly positive. This creates weak connections between water molecules.
78
How does ionic bonding work?
In the NaCl example, sodium has one electron in its outer orbital, and chlorine has seven. To fill the outer orbital on chlorine with eight electrons one electron is transferred from sodium to chlorine. Now the chlorine molecule is more stable because its outer shell of electrons is full with 8 and sodium is also more stable because the one electron was by itself and its outer orbital is gone. However, this leads chlorine to be negatively charged and it leaves sodium relatively positive and they bond
79
Water is a polar molecule-what does that mean?
Part of the water molecule is weakly positively charged, and part of the molecule is weakly negatively charged.
80
Do organisms make water from hydrogen and oxygen inside their cells?
No
81
What is photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil is converted into sugar and oxygen. 6 CO2 +6 H2O becomes C6H1206 and 602.
82
What is cohesion?
This is the tendency for water molecules to stick together. Trees depend on cohesion to pull water from the soil up into the leaves.
83
What is adhesion?
Adhesion is the property of one substance clinging to another. In very thin veins inside plants, the water molecules adhere to the walls, also helping to keep the water up in the leaves.
84
When water absorbs heat what happens to hydrogen bonds?
They are broken, allowing the molecules to move faster.
85
Conversely, when water cools, …
Water molecules slow down, and more hydrogen bonds form, which releases heat.
86
Evaporative cooling
Molecules with the greatest energy, or the “hottest” ones, will leave the surface, which makes the surface cooler.
87
Water expands a little bit when it freezes, becoming less dense. What are the implications of this?
This means that ice will float on water, allowing fish under the ice to survive.
88
What is a solution?
It is a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances. An aqueous solution is one in which water is the solvent.
89
In saltwater, what is the solvent and what is the solute?
Solvent water Solute salt.
90
What is an acid?
An acid is a substance that wants to donate hydrogen ions to solutions
91
What is a base?
A base is a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Some bases do this by donating OH- to a substance that will then combine with H+ and make water.
92
What is ocean acidification?
This is the process where carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater and lowers the pH of the ocean. This is occurring because carbon dioxide is the main product of fossil fuel combustion.
93
What is ocean acidification?
This is the process where carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater and lowers the pH of the ocean. This is occurring because carbon dioxide is the main product of fossil fuel combustion.
94
How does ocean acidification affect coral?
Coral needs carbonate ions to make their skeletons however when the pH is lower, there is more hydrogen atoms in the water, and they combined with carbonate to make bicarbonate ions. (H+) and (CO3 2-) makes (HCO3-). This takes away the carbonate available to the coral.
95
Chap 3 Why is carbon the lead atom in the chemistry of life?
Carbon atoms have only four electrons in their valence shell, which can accommodate eight electrons. Therefore, they have an innate ability to share and connect with other atoms.
96
What is an isomer?
An isomer is a compound with the same formula as another compound but different structural arrangements.
97
What is a hydrocarbon?
Hydrocarbons are molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen.
98
How to functional groups make a molecule hydrophilic?
Functional groups are polar, so they will love water.
99
What are the five functional groups that are described page 39?
Hydroxyl carbonyl carboxyl amino phosphate
100
What is a hydroxyl group? What are compounds that contain hydroxyl groups called?
OH Alcohols
101
What is a carbonyl group?
This is a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom. C=O
102
What is a carboxyl group?
A carboxyl group consists of a carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group. -COOH Compounds with carboxyl groups are called carboxylic acids because the hydrogen tends to become ionized.
103
What is an amino group?
An amino group has a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens. It can act as a base by picking up and H+. Proteins contain an amino group and a carboxyl group.
104
What is a phosphate group?
The phosphate group consist of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. It is important in energy transfers such as ATP.

Vocab (6 decks)

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