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Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

1.1 Genetics

What are genetics?

A

Genetics is the branch of biology that studies how traits are passed down from one generation to the next.

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2
Q

1.1 Genetics

What is genetic editing?

A

As faulty genes in induviduals can cause serious illness, gene editing can be used to replace the faulty genees with healthy genes or change the gene to make it behave differently

genetic editing on embrioys can completely alter a genetic composition

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3
Q

1.2 Genes

What are genes?

A

Genes are made up of/stored in extremely long strands of DNA located on chromosomes within the cell nucleus, they are a basic unit of hederity passed on from parents to children.

Genes are like the instruction manuals for all living things

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4
Q

1.2 Genes

What do genes do?

A

Each gene codes for a specific trait and induvidual inherits

Induviduals inherit 2 copies of each gene (one from each parent)

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5
Q

1.2 Genes

What is a trait?

A

A trait is a distinguishing quality or characteristic belonging to a person.
It is determined by individual genetics

e.g. body shape, color patterns, eyesight, and muscle definition

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6
Q

1.2 Genes

What is an Allele?

A

Alleles are forms of genes that cause differences in DNA sequences

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7
Q

1.2 Genes

What does Heterozygous mean?

A

Heterozygous refers to having differnt alleles for particluar traits

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8
Q

1.3 DNA

What does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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9
Q

1.3 DNA

What does Homozygous mean?

A

Homozygous refers to having two identicle alleles

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10
Q

1.3 DNA

What is RNA?

A

RNA is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself or by forming a template for the production of proteins.

RNA = Ribonucleic acid

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11
Q

1.3 DNA

What are amino acids?

A

Amino acids are molecules that combine to form proteins. Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life

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12
Q

1.3 DNA

What is DNA?

A

DNA is a polymer, it acts as an instruction manual to the human body

polymer = chain made up of bonded building blocks monmer (nucleotides)

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13
Q

1.3 DNA

How are amino acids created using bases?

A

The sequences of bases in a DNA molecule will determine the amino acid sequence in the protein that it encodes for. The bases are arranged in triplets where one triplet will encode for one amino acid in a non-overlapping fashion.

More then 1 base can create the same amino acid

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14
Q

1.3 DNA

What is a condon table?

A

A condon tabel is used to translate genetic code into a sequence of amino acids

DNA - RNA - AMINO ACIDS

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15
Q

1.3 DNA

What is the DNA alphabet?

A

A - Adenine
T - Thymine
C - Cytosine
G - Guanine
U - Uracil - replaces T in RNA
(A/T) = base pair = 2 strand hydrogen bond
(C/G) = base pair = 3 strand hydrogen bond

RNA
(A/U) = base pair

Car in the Garage/ Apple on the Tree

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16
Q

1.3 DNA

What does DNA do?

A

DNA is resposible for storing all genetic information needed for growth, found in all living things

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17
Q

1.3 DNA

What does DNA make?

A

DNA has coded information to make protein nessesary for human function

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18
Q

1.3 DNA

How does DNA work?

A

DNA works by storing genetic information, replicating itself accurately, and directing the synthesis of proteins that carry out various functions in living organisms. It is crucial for the inheritance of traits from one generation to the next and for the overall functioning of cells and organisms.

DNA works the same in every living thing.

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19
Q

1.3 DNA

How do you extract DNA?

A

To extract DNA use substances like dish soap to break down the molecules and allow substances like salt water to clump the DNA strands together.

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20
Q

1.3 DNA

Why would you need to extract DNA?

A

There are many reasons for wanting to extract DNA including for genetic mulation, which allows scientists to alter genes in things like vegetables which allow the produce to become more nutritious and practicle

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21
Q

1.3 DNA

What is the structure of DNA?

A

DNA has a double helix (DH) structure composed of a nitrogenous base (GCAP), deoxyirbose pentose sugar and phosphade.

DH = anti-parallel lines (2 parallel lines different directions)

22
Q

1.4 Structure of DNA

What is a nucleotide?

A

A nucleotide is a peice of a DNA strand composed of 1 phosphade particle, 1 pentose sugar particle and 1 nitrogenous base (without base pair - just singluar, e.g adenine)

23
Q

1.4 Structure of DNA

What is a chromosome?

A

A chromosome is a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

24
Q

1.4 Structure of DNA

What is a chromosome composed of?

A

A chromosome is composed of a single, long strand of DNA coiled around itself and proteins called histones.

25
Q

1.4 Structure of DNA

What is the structure of a chromosome?

A

DNA wraps itself around proteins called histones and fibres evetually forming a chromatine which further wraps to form two chromotids that together produce a chromosomes.

2 Chromotids = 1 chromosome

Center = centronome

26
Q

1.5 Karyotypes

What is a karyotype?

A

A karyotype is a complete set of chromosomes used to determine gender and chromosome abnormalities as the cause of malformation or disease.

27
Q

1.5 Karyotypes

What is a diploid?

A

A diploid is a complete set of two chromosomes

28
Q

1.5 Karyotypes

What is a haploid?

A

A haploid is a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes

29
Q

1.5 Karyotypes

How many chromosomes does a neurontypical person have?

A

A neurotypically induvidual has 46 chromosomes

Comprised of 23 pairs of chromotides

30
Q

1.5 Karyotypes

What is the 23rd chromosome responsible for?

A

The 23rd chromosome is responsible for determining the gender of an induvidual.
Having 2 X chromosomes means the induviual is a female where as haveing and X and Y chromosome means the induvidual is a male

XX = Female
XY = Male

31
Q

1.5 Karyotypes

What do the first 22 chromosomes determine?

A

The first 22 chromosomes are autosome, and look the same in both males and females, deformaties in these chomosmes deteremin if the induvidual has a syndrom.

32
Q

1.5 Karyotypes

What does autosome mean?

A

Autosome refer to two chromosomes that form a homologus pair

Two copies of the same chromosme (one from each parents)

33
Q

1.5 Karyotypes

What is a homologous pair?

A

A homologous pair refers to 2 copies of the same chromosome

pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism (Autosomes)

34
Q

1.6 Mitosis

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis refers to a type of cell division used for the growth and repair of cells.
The process has 4 steps (PMAT)

Produces identivle cells

35
Q

1.6 Mitosis

What is the relationship between homologous, diploid and autosome?

A

In diploid organisms, the chromosomes are present in homologous pairs (autosomes).

36
Q

1.6 Mitosis

What are the 2 steps the come before and after mtosis?

A

Before:
Interphase - the stage of the cell cycle that occurs before mitosis and prepares the cell for division.

After
Cytokinesis - the final seperation from one cell into two daughter cells

37
Q

1.6 Mitosis

What are distictive features of the before and after mitosis stages?

A

Before:
Interphase
* the nucleous is clearly visable
* 2 copies of chromosomes are formed

After
Cytokenesis
* cells are sperating or have sperated

38
Q

1.6 Mitosis

What are th 4 steps of mitosis?

A

P - Prophase - The process during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappear

M - Metaphase - Refers to the process of all chromosomes lining up in the middle of the cell

A - Anaphase - Refers to when the chromosomes sperate towards the poles of the cell (they are moved by fibres in the cell)

T - Telophase -Refers to the stage where the cell begins to seperate and the nuclei is moved

39
Q

1.6 Mitosis

What are distictive features of the mitosis stages?

A

Prophase
* chromosomes are condenced/packaged and ready to travel
* cell looks tangled

Meatphase
* Chromosomes meet in the middle of the cell

Anaphase
* Chomosomes are seen slip to each side of the cell (move away to poles)

Telophase
* Nuclei seperate away from eachother

40
Q

1.6 Mitosis

What illness can Mitosis cause?

A

Cancer

Cancer is uncontrolable mitosis

41
Q

1.7 Meiosis

What is meiosis?

A

Meisosis refers to the production of gametes (sperm and egg cells)

42
Q

1.8 Punnet Squares

What is a punnet square?

A

A punnet square is a table used to predict genotypes and phenotypes

43
Q

1.8 Punnet Squares

What is a genotype?

A

A genotype is a unique sequence of DNA

e.g. Tt, TT, tt

44
Q

1.8 Punnet Squares

What is a phenotype?

A

A phenotype refers to traits and characteristics

45
Q

1.8 Punnet Squares

What are genotypic and phenotypic ratios?

A
  • Genotypic ratio = likelyhood of an induvidual recieving a specific trait/characteristic (typically written in numerical form)
  • Phenotypic ration = the specific trait/characteristic an induvidual will inherit
46
Q

1.9 Pedigrees

What is a genetic pedigree?

A

A genetic pedigree is a visual tool that helps track and analyze how genetic traits and conditions are inherited within families across multiple generations.

47
Q

1.9 Pedigrees

How do you read a pedigree?
* Black cirlces =
* White circles =
* Black squares =
* White squares =
* Double lines =
* twins branching from 1 line each =
* twins branching from 1 line that splits into 2 =
* Line through square/cirlcle =

A
  • Black cirlces = Female w/ trait
  • White circles = Female w/o trait
  • Black squares = Male w/ trait
  • White squares = Male w/o trait
  • Double lines = insest
  • twins branching from 1 line each = non - identicle twins
  • twins branching from 1 line that splits into 2 = identicle twins
  • Line through square/cirlcle = deceased
48
Q

1.10 Genetic Counselling

What is PDG?

Prenatal test #1

A

PDg is IVF - fertalised eggs are extracted and analyised, embryosare produced from only health eggs and are injected into the uterus so mother can give birth to a genetically healthy baby.
Procedure is expensive

49
Q

1.10 Genetic Counselling

What is Amniocentesis?

Prenatal test #2

A

Amniocentesis is a amniotic fluid test or medical procedure used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities by extracting fetal DNA which is examined.
This test is invasive and there is a risk of miscarriage.

50
Q

1.10 Genetic Counselling

What are the differences between PDG and Amniocentesis?

A

Both PGD and amniocentesis are performed at different stages and for different purposes.

PGD is used before pregnancy to ensure healthy embryos are implanted.

Amniocentesis is used during pregnancy to diagnose conditions in the developing fetus.

51
Q

1.10 Genetic Counselling

What is autosomal dominant?

A

O-X
I
O O

Autosomal dominant means the trait cannot be recessive as both parents are affected but because their kid doesn’t so the parents must hold the unaffected trait to pass it on so the trait is dominant

Parents are Heterozygous

52
Q

1.10 Genetic Counselling

What is autosomal Recessive?

A

O-X
I
O O

Autosomal recessive means the trait cannot be dominant as both parents are unaffected but because their kid has it the must hold the trait - meaning its recessive

Parents are Heterozygous

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