Biology Flashcards
1
Q
basic unit of structure and function
A
cell
2
Q
Membrane-bound structure and has nucleus and cytoplasm
A
Eukaryotic
3
Q
Lacks of membrane-bound organelles and nucleus
A
Prokaryotic
4
Q
Long fiber in cells that helps them to move
A
Flagellum
5
Q
Known as outer envelope and regulates the movement of substance into and out
A
Plasma membrane
6
Q
Largest organelle and known for “control center and responsible for cell’s ability to reproduce”
A
Nucleus
7
Q
Sites of protein synthesis
A
Ribosomes
8
Q
Continuous channel that extends into many regions of cytoplasm
A
Endoplasmic reticulum
9
Q
“studded” with ribosomes
A
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
10
Q
Lacks ribosomes and makes lipids, hormones, and steroids and breaks down toxic chemicals
A
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
11
Q
Stocks of flattened sacs and participate in processing of proteins. Also, it modifies, processes, and sorts the products.
A
Golgi bodies
12
Q
Products of golgi bodies in little sacs are called
A
Vesicles
13
Q
Powerhouse
A
Mitochondria
14
Q
ATP
A
Adenosine triphosphate
15
Q
Tiny sacs that carry digestive enzymes
A
Lysosomes
16
Q
Small, paired, cyndrical structure found within microtubules organizing centers and most active during cellular division
A
Centrioles
17
Q
Known as “empty cavity” and fluid filled sacs that stores water, food, waste, salts
A
Vacuoles
18
Q
Detoxify various substances, producing hydrogen peroxide as byproduct
A
Peroxisomes
19
Q
The shape of a cell is determined by a network of fibers
A
Cytoskeleton
20
Q
Made of protein tubulin
A
Microtubules
21
Q
modified polysaccharide
A
Chitin
22
Q
Contain chlorophyll and light capturing pigment that gives plants their characteristics
A
Chloroplast
23
Q
Process which individual cells process nutrient molecules
A
Cell metabolism
24
Q
Break down complex molecules to produce energy and reduce power
A
Catabolism
25
Constructs complex molecules and performs other biological functions
Anabolism
26
Cell membrane form a pocket, pinches in, and eventually form either vesicle or vacuole
Endocytosis
27
Where ATP come from?
Photosynthesis / cellular respiration
28
Transformation of solar energy to chemical energy
Photosynthesis
29
Cellular respiration
C6H12O6+602 -> 6CO2+6H20+ATP
30
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
31
ATP is made of the presence of oxygen
Aerobic respiration
32
ATP (oxygen is not present)
Anaerobic respiration
33
Genetic material in a loose form in the nucleus
Euchromatin
34
Genetic material is fully condensed into coils
Heterochromatin
35
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
36
Cell not yet started to divide (growing phase)
Interphase
37
Period when cells divide (dance of the chromosomes)
Mitosis
38
4 stages of mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
39
Disappearance of nucleolus
Stage 1 prophase
40
Begin to line up along the equatorial line
Stage 2 metaphase
41
The sister chromatids of each chromosome seperates
Stage 3 anaphase
42
Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and the nucleoli reappear
Stage 4 telophase
43
Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and the nucleoli reappear. Final stage
Stage 4 telophase
44
Reenter the initial phase
Stage 5 interphase
45
Cytoplasm in process
Cytokinesis
46
Purpose of mitosis
To produce daughter cells and maintain the proper number of chromosomes
47
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 chromosomes
48
Cells that have both sets of chromosomes is called
Diploid cell
49
One set of chromosomes
Haploid cell
50
Haploid cells are called
Sex cells or gametes
51
Production of gametes
Meiosis
52
Limited to sex cells in special sex organs called
Gonads
53
Limited to sex cells in special sex organs called
Gonards
54
Female gamete + male gamete
Zygote
55
Meiosis I stages
Prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I
56
Chromosomes line up side by side with their counter parts more complicated than the regular prophase
Prophase I
57
Involves two sets of chromosomes that come together to form a tetrad
Synapsis
58
tetrads line up at the metaphase plate
Metaphase I
59
One of each pair of chromosomes within a tetrad seperates and moves to opposite poles.
Anaphase I
60
Nuclear membrane dorms around each set of chromosomes and undergo cytokinesis leaving us two daughter cells
Telophase I
61
To seperates the duplicated chromosomes and virtually identical to mitosis
Meiosis II
62
Set of chromosomes has an extra or missing chromosomes
mutations
63
Genetics is the study of what? And also are passed on from parents to children
Heredity
64
Genetics is the study of what? And also are passed on from parents to children
Heredity
65
Segment of a chromosome
Genes
66
Two types of allele
Dominant and recessive
67
Two types of allele
Dominant and recessive
68
Two identical alleles for a given trait
Homozygous
69
Two identical alleles for a given trait
Homozygous
70
Two different alleles for a given trait
Heterozygous
71
Two different alleles for a given trait
Heterozygous
72
Physical appearance of an organism
Phenotype
73
Physical appearance of an organism
Phenotype
74
Make up of an organism
Genotype
75
Three principles of genetics
Law of dominance, law of segregation, law of independent assortment
76
Only one form of traits appears in the next generation known as dominant trait
Law of dominance
77
Each parent passes an allele at random to their offspring resulting in a diploid organism
Law of segregation
78
Is a genetic mix between two individuals with homozygous genotype
Monohybrid cross
79
Cross between two different genes that differ in two observed trait
Dihybrid cross
80
Traits will blend
Incomplete dominance
81
Equal expression of both alleles
codominance
82
A trait results from the interaction of many genes
Polygenetic inheritance
83
Product of many different alleles that occupy a specific gene locus
Multiple alleles
84
Stay together during assortment and move as a group
Linked genes
85
22 pairs of chromosomes in humans are called
Autosomes
86
XX
Female
87
XY
Male
88
Science of classifying animals according to their phylogeny Is known as
Taxonomy
89
Fewest to most characteristics in common is
Kingdom,phylum,class,order,family,genus,species
90
How to remember the naming names? Explain King Philip of Germany decided to walk to America
King Philip came over from Germany soaked
91
Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan and their plasma membranes contain unusual fatty acids.
Kingdom archaebacteria
92
Lack distinct nuclei and other membranous organelles. Possess a cell wall made of peptidoglycan
Kingdom eubacteria
93
Many suggest that this kingdom should be split into newly designated kingdoms
Kingdom protista
94
Generally multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls made of chitin
Kingdom fungi
95
Multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes with cell walls made of cellulose.
Kingdom plantae
96
Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that are extremely diverse
Kingdom animalia
97
Have an enormous impact on many organisms including humans
viruses
98
Consist of the anther and the filaments. Also anther produces pollen grains.
Stamen
99
Sticky and includes three structures: stigma style and ovary
pistil
100
First stop in the digestive system
mouth
101
Contains an important enzyme and begins the chemical breakdown of starch into maltose
Salivary amylase
102
Thick, muscular sac that temporarily stores indigested food, partially digest proteins, and it kills bacteria.
stomach
103
Break down proteins and carbohydrates. About 23 feet long in an average man
Small intestine
104
Folds that increase the surface area of the small intestine for food absorption
microvilli
105
Absorbed digested food and carries it into the bloodstream
villi
106
Harbon harmless bacteria that break down undigested food and in the process provide us with certain essential vitamins
Large intestine
107
Cartilage rings to help keep the air passage open as ar rushes in
Trachea
108
Passageways break down into smaller tubes known as
Brochioles
109
Tiny air sacs
Alveolus
110
Largest artery in the body and blood leaves the heart though the aortic semilunar valve and enters a large blood vessels
Aorta
111
Pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Right ventricle
112
Pumps the oxygenated blood to the body
Left ventricle
113
Liquid portion of blood
plasma
114
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
115
leukocytes
White blood cells
116
Collects filters and returns fluid to the blood and fights infections using lymphocytes
lymphatic system
117
Get rid of nitrogenous wastes and reabsorb water and salt
kidney
118
Receive impulses from the environment and bring them to the body
sensory neurons
119
Impulse to muscles or glands to produce a response
Motor neuron
120
Links between sensory neurons and motor neurons
interneurons
121
Includes the neurons in the brain and spiral cord
Central nervous system
122
Includes the rest
Peripheral nervous system
123
Produces enzymes
Pancreas
124
Responsible for the development of the sex organ
Testosterone
125
Change in a population over time
Evolution
126
The survival of the fittest by Charles Darwin
Natural selection
127
Study of fossils
Paleontology
128
Study of the distribution of flora and fauna in the environment
Biogeography
129
Study of the development of an organism
Embryology
130
Study of the interactions between living things and their environments
Ecology
131
The entire part of the earth where living things exist
biosphere
132
Interaction of living and non living things
ecosystem
133
Group of populations interacting in the same area
community
134
Group of individuals that belong to the same species
Population
135
Massive areas that are classified mostly on the basis of their climates and plant life
Biomes
136
Produce all of the available food
Autotrophs
