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Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

basic unit of structure and function

A

cell

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2
Q

Membrane-bound structure and has nucleus and cytoplasm

A

Eukaryotic

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3
Q

Lacks of membrane-bound organelles and nucleus

A

Prokaryotic

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4
Q

Long fiber in cells that helps them to move

A

Flagellum

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5
Q

Known as outer envelope and regulates the movement of substance into and out

A

Plasma membrane

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6
Q

Largest organelle and known for “control center and responsible for cell’s ability to reproduce”

A

Nucleus

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7
Q

Sites of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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8
Q

Continuous channel that extends into many regions of cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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9
Q

“studded” with ribosomes

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

Lacks ribosomes and makes lipids, hormones, and steroids and breaks down toxic chemicals

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

Stocks of flattened sacs and participate in processing of proteins. Also, it modifies, processes, and sorts the products.

A

Golgi bodies

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12
Q

Products of golgi bodies in little sacs are called

A

Vesicles

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13
Q

Powerhouse

A

Mitochondria

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14
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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15
Q

Tiny sacs that carry digestive enzymes

A

Lysosomes

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16
Q

Small, paired, cyndrical structure found within microtubules organizing centers and most active during cellular division

A

Centrioles

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17
Q

Known as “empty cavity” and fluid filled sacs that stores water, food, waste, salts

A

Vacuoles

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18
Q

Detoxify various substances, producing hydrogen peroxide as byproduct

A

Peroxisomes

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19
Q

The shape of a cell is determined by a network of fibers

A

Cytoskeleton

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20
Q

Made of protein tubulin

A

Microtubules

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21
Q

modified polysaccharide

A

Chitin

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22
Q

Contain chlorophyll and light capturing pigment that gives plants their characteristics

A

Chloroplast

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23
Q

Process which individual cells process nutrient molecules

A

Cell metabolism

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24
Q

Break down complex molecules to produce energy and reduce power

A

Catabolism

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25
Q

Constructs complex molecules and performs other biological functions

A

Anabolism

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26
Q

Cell membrane form a pocket, pinches in, and eventually form either vesicle or vacuole

A

Endocytosis

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27
Q

Where ATP come from?

A

Photosynthesis / cellular respiration

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28
Q

Transformation of solar energy to chemical energy

A

Photosynthesis

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29
Q

Cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6+602 -> 6CO2+6H20+ATP

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30
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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31
Q

ATP is made of the presence of oxygen

A

Aerobic respiration

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32
Q

ATP (oxygen is not present)

A

Anaerobic respiration

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33
Q

Genetic material in a loose form in the nucleus

A

Euchromatin

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34
Q

Genetic material is fully condensed into coils

A

Heterochromatin

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35
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid

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36
Q

Cell not yet started to divide (growing phase)

A

Interphase

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37
Q

Period when cells divide (dance of the chromosomes)

A

Mitosis

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38
Q

4 stages of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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39
Q

Disappearance of nucleolus

A

Stage 1 prophase

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40
Q

Begin to line up along the equatorial line

A

Stage 2 metaphase

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41
Q

The sister chromatids of each chromosome seperates

A

Stage 3 anaphase

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42
Q

Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and the nucleoli reappear

A

Stage 4 telophase

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43
Q

Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and the nucleoli reappear. Final stage

A

Stage 4 telophase

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44
Q

Reenter the initial phase

A

Stage 5 interphase

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45
Q

Cytoplasm in process

A

Cytokinesis

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46
Q

Purpose of mitosis

A

To produce daughter cells and maintain the proper number of chromosomes

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47
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 chromosomes

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48
Q

Cells that have both sets of chromosomes is called

A

Diploid cell

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49
Q

One set of chromosomes

A

Haploid cell

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50
Q

Haploid cells are called

A

Sex cells or gametes

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51
Q

Production of gametes

A

Meiosis

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52
Q

Limited to sex cells in special sex organs called

A

Gonads

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53
Q

Limited to sex cells in special sex organs called

A

Gonards

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54
Q

Female gamete + male gamete

A

Zygote

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55
Q

Meiosis I stages

A

Prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I

56
Q

Chromosomes line up side by side with their counter parts more complicated than the regular prophase

A

Prophase I

57
Q

Involves two sets of chromosomes that come together to form a tetrad

A

Synapsis

58
Q

tetrads line up at the metaphase plate

A

Metaphase I

59
Q

One of each pair of chromosomes within a tetrad seperates and moves to opposite poles.

A

Anaphase I

60
Q

Nuclear membrane dorms around each set of chromosomes and undergo cytokinesis leaving us two daughter cells

A

Telophase I

61
Q

To seperates the duplicated chromosomes and virtually identical to mitosis

A

Meiosis II

62
Q

Set of chromosomes has an extra or missing chromosomes

A

mutations

63
Q

Genetics is the study of what? And also are passed on from parents to children

A

Heredity

64
Q

Genetics is the study of what? And also are passed on from parents to children

A

Heredity

65
Q

Segment of a chromosome

A

Genes

66
Q

Two types of allele

A

Dominant and recessive

67
Q

Two types of allele

A

Dominant and recessive

68
Q

Two identical alleles for a given trait

A

Homozygous

69
Q

Two identical alleles for a given trait

A

Homozygous

70
Q

Two different alleles for a given trait

A

Heterozygous

71
Q

Two different alleles for a given trait

A

Heterozygous

72
Q

Physical appearance of an organism

A

Phenotype

73
Q

Physical appearance of an organism

A

Phenotype

74
Q

Make up of an organism

A

Genotype

75
Q

Three principles of genetics

A

Law of dominance, law of segregation, law of independent assortment

76
Q

Only one form of traits appears in the next generation known as dominant trait

A

Law of dominance

77
Q

Each parent passes an allele at random to their offspring resulting in a diploid organism

A

Law of segregation

78
Q

Is a genetic mix between two individuals with homozygous genotype

A

Monohybrid cross

79
Q

Cross between two different genes that differ in two observed trait

A

Dihybrid cross

80
Q

Traits will blend

A

Incomplete dominance

81
Q

Equal expression of both alleles

A

codominance

82
Q

A trait results from the interaction of many genes

A

Polygenetic inheritance

83
Q

Product of many different alleles that occupy a specific gene locus

A

Multiple alleles

84
Q

Stay together during assortment and move as a group

A

Linked genes

85
Q

22 pairs of chromosomes in humans are called

A

Autosomes

86
Q

XX

A

Female

87
Q

XY

A

Male

88
Q

Science of classifying animals according to their phylogeny Is known as

A

Taxonomy

89
Q

Fewest to most characteristics in common is

A

Kingdom,phylum,class,order,family,genus,species

90
Q

How to remember the naming names? Explain King Philip of Germany decided to walk to America

A

King Philip came over from Germany soaked

91
Q

Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan and their plasma membranes contain unusual fatty acids.

A

Kingdom archaebacteria

92
Q

Lack distinct nuclei and other membranous organelles. Possess a cell wall made of peptidoglycan

A

Kingdom eubacteria

93
Q

Many suggest that this kingdom should be split into newly designated kingdoms

A

Kingdom protista

94
Q

Generally multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls made of chitin

A

Kingdom fungi

95
Q

Multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes with cell walls made of cellulose.

A

Kingdom plantae

96
Q

Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that are extremely diverse

A

Kingdom animalia

97
Q

Have an enormous impact on many organisms including humans

A

viruses

98
Q

Consist of the anther and the filaments. Also anther produces pollen grains.

A

Stamen

99
Q

Sticky and includes three structures: stigma style and ovary

A

pistil

100
Q

First stop in the digestive system

A

mouth

101
Q

Contains an important enzyme and begins the chemical breakdown of starch into maltose

A

Salivary amylase

102
Q

Thick, muscular sac that temporarily stores indigested food, partially digest proteins, and it kills bacteria.

A

stomach

103
Q

Break down proteins and carbohydrates. About 23 feet long in an average man

A

Small intestine

104
Q

Folds that increase the surface area of the small intestine for food absorption

A

microvilli

105
Q

Absorbed digested food and carries it into the bloodstream

A

villi

106
Q

Harbon harmless bacteria that break down undigested food and in the process provide us with certain essential vitamins

A

Large intestine

107
Q

Cartilage rings to help keep the air passage open as ar rushes in

A

Trachea

108
Q

Passageways break down into smaller tubes known as

A

Brochioles

109
Q

Tiny air sacs

A

Alveolus

110
Q

Largest artery in the body and blood leaves the heart though the aortic semilunar valve and enters a large blood vessels

A

Aorta

111
Q

Pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

Right ventricle

112
Q

Pumps the oxygenated blood to the body

A

Left ventricle

113
Q

Liquid portion of blood

A

plasma

114
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

115
Q

leukocytes

A

White blood cells

116
Q

Collects filters and returns fluid to the blood and fights infections using lymphocytes

A

lymphatic system

117
Q

Get rid of nitrogenous wastes and reabsorb water and salt

A

kidney

118
Q

Receive impulses from the environment and bring them to the body

A

sensory neurons

119
Q

Impulse to muscles or glands to produce a response

A

Motor neuron

120
Q

Links between sensory neurons and motor neurons

A

interneurons

121
Q

Includes the neurons in the brain and spiral cord

A

Central nervous system

122
Q

Includes the rest

A

Peripheral nervous system

123
Q

Produces enzymes

A

Pancreas

124
Q

Responsible for the development of the sex organ

A

Testosterone

125
Q

Change in a population over time

A

Evolution

126
Q

The survival of the fittest by Charles Darwin

A

Natural selection

127
Q

Study of fossils

A

Paleontology

128
Q

Study of the distribution of flora and fauna in the environment

A

Biogeography

129
Q

Study of the development of an organism

A

Embryology

130
Q

Study of the interactions between living things and their environments

A

Ecology

131
Q

The entire part of the earth where living things exist

A

biosphere

132
Q

Interaction of living and non living things

A

ecosystem

133
Q

Group of populations interacting in the same area

A

community

134
Q

Group of individuals that belong to the same species

A

Population

135
Q

Massive areas that are classified mostly on the basis of their climates and plant life

A

Biomes

136
Q

Produce all of the available food

A

Autotrophs

SCIENCE (4 decks)

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