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Science year 8 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Excretion

A

The removal of toxic materials, waste products of metabolism and excess materials.

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2
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical processes going on in the body

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3
Q

Faeces

A

Not excreted but egested

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4
Q

Egested

A

The removal of undigested food as faeces (poop)

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5
Q

Ways of excretion

A

Breath, sweat and urine

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6
Q

Urea

A

A nitrogen waste that kidneys dilute with water to produce urine

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7
Q

How are water levels regulated?

A

By excreting different amounts of urine

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8
Q

Cortex

A

The outer layer full of nephrons which filter out waste from the blood.

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9
Q

Medulla

A

The middle layer which has tubes carrying filtered wastes to the centre of the kidney

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10
Q

(Renal) Pelvis

A

Area where all collecting ducts (tubes) come together and connect with the ureter

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11
Q

Ureter

A

Transports urine to the bladder

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12
Q

Nephron

A

Located in the cortex. Filters blood and useful substances are reabsorbed through the capillaries back into the blood and materials filtered out combined to form urine.

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13
Q

Pathway of the Kidney

A

Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery, the blood is filtered through the cortex where urea and salts are removed to form urine, urine goes through the medulla into the renal pelvis, urine leaves the kidneys via the ureters and into the bladder and then it is excreted through the urethra.

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14
Q

Kidney dialysis

A

Where an artificial kidney is placed that filters or washes the blood. A tube is put through the arm 3 times a week lasting 5-12 hours each time.

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15
Q

Kidney transplant

A

Somebody else’s kidney is placed under the 2 failed ones and drugs are used to supress the immune system to stop the rejection of the new kidney.

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16
Q

Circulatory system purpose

A

Transports oxygen and nutrients to body cells and wastes like carbon dioxide away from them.

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17
Q

Parts of blood

A

Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets and Plasma.

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18
Q

Red blood cells

A

45% of all blood, carry oxygen using a pigment called Haemoglobin

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19
Q

White blood cells

A

0.1% of all blood, involved in immunity and fights diseases

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20
Q

Plasma

A

55% of blood, the substance that makes up most of the blood and transports carbon dioxide from organs to lungs and transports soluble products of digestion from the small intestines to other organs.

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21
Q

Platelets

A

0.01% of all blood, form clots to stop/prevent bleeding to help prevent infection.

22
Q

Capillaries

A

Transport substances to and from cells and remove wastes from cells.

23
Q

Arteries

A

Transports blood from the heart.

24
Q

Veins

A

Transports blood to the heart.

25
Q

Process of blood in the heart

A

Enters through the vena cava, travels down to the right atrium and then through to the right ventricle, then it goes to the pulmonary artery which sends the blood through to the lungs, the lungs make the blood oxygenated and then it enters the heart again through the pulmonary vein, then it goes to the left atrium and then the left ventricle pumps it up to the Aorta which sends it to the body’s cells.

26
Q

The heart’s valves

A

4 valves, open and close on every heartbeat so that blood keeps flowing in the correct direction.

27
Q

Blood pressure and thickness of arteries and veins

A

Arteries have higher blood pressure and are thicker as they need to send blood all across the body, whereas veins are thinner and have lower blood pressure as they only have one destination: the heart.

28
Q

Organs involved in the respiratory system

A

Nose, trachea, lungs : Bronchi, Bronchioles and Alveolus, Intercostal muscles and the diaphram.

28
Q

The respiratory system

A

The organs that help to get oxygen from the air into your blood, and to get rid of carbon dioxide.

29
Q

Lungs

A

The trachea is split up into two pipes known as the bronchi which is split up into even smaller tubes called the bronchioles.

30
Q

Alveolus

A

Air sacs where gas exchange occurs, is surrounded by a network of blood capillaries that carry red blood cells. Due to the Alveolus’s rich blood supply the oxygen moves into the blood and the carbon dioxide moves out of the blood and towards the lungs to be breathed out.

31
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

The chest wall is made of ribs and the intercostal muscles. Internal and external intercostal muscles make the ribes move.

32
Q

Diaphram

A

Large sheet of muscle attached to the 10th pair of ribs and it separates the chest cavity from the lower body cavity. The diaphram contracts and moves down when inhaling it relaxes and goes back up when exhaling.

33
Q

Respiratory system diseases

A

Asthma, smoker’s cough, Bronchitis, Lung cancer, Emphysema, Heart disease and Infant death.

34
Q

Trachea (windpipe)

A

Made of rings of cartilage, has two types of cells: Mucus-secreting cells which trap dust and bacteria in the form of mucus, and ciliated epithelial cells which are not as important.

35
Q

The nose

A

Where the air SHOULD enter through and the hairs trap some of the dust particles.

36
Q

Epiglottis

A

A flap that opens and closes and allows food and air through (part of the respiratory system and the digestive system).

37
Q

Digestive system purpose

A

Get nutrients, energy and proteins,fats,sugars,vitamins and minerals, and it is the breakdown of food so nutrients can be absorbed into blood to be used by the body’s cells.

38
Q

Key processes of digestion

A

Getting food into the body: Ingestion, Break down of food: digestion, and the remove of waste: egestion.

39
Q

The pathway of the digestive system

A

Mouth, Esophagus, The Stomach, The Small Intestines, The Large Intestines, The Rectum,The Anus and The Liver and Pancreas help out.

40
Q

Mouth

A

Physical digestion with teeth and chemical digestion with the enzymes in the saliva.

41
Q

Esophagus

A

Bolus (ball of food) is pushed through muscular contractions called peristalsis to the stomach.

42
Q

The Stomach

A

The walls of the stomach contract and digest food physically, mucus protects the stomach wall from the acid and enzymes and the acid kills bacteria on the food.

43
Q

Small Intestines

A

Chemical digestion continues, absorption of nutrients occurs through the villi (hair-like structures which increase the surface area of the intestines to increase the absorption of nutrients), capillaries transports nutrients to cells in the body, lipase enzymes break down fat which the bile helps with.

44
Q

Large intestines

A

Undigested foods and other wastes pass through and are stored in the rectum before passing out of the anus as faeces.

45
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile which helps with the digestion of fats in the small intestines.

46
Q

Pancreas

A

Has digestive enzymes = protease: proteins, amylase: carbs, lipase: fats.

47
Q

Organisation of cells

A

Organism to Systems to organs to tissues to cells.

48
Q

How do the circulatory and respiratory systems work together?

A
  1. Oxygen-rich blood cells travel to the heart from the lungs.
  2. The heart pumps enriched blood cells. They travel through arteries to the body
  3. Throughout the body, red blood cells deliver oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide.
  4. Veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.
  5. The heart pumps blood back to the lungs to eliminate co2 and obsorb O2.
  6. Red blood cells move through the lungs, taking in o2 and exchanging it for co2.
49
Q

Diffusion

A

The process where gases go from a high concentration to a low concentration. The carbon dioxide is high concentration in the blood so it goes to a low concentration in the alveoli

Science year 8 (4 decks)

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