Biology Flashcards
Name 3 types of micro-organisms
Bacteria, fungi, viruses
Which micro-organisms are the smallest
Viruses
State 3 uses of micro-organisms
Make antibiotics, make cheese and yogurt, make bread, break down waste materials
Which type of micro-organism is used in the baking and brewing industrys
Yeast
Which micro-organism is used in the dairy industry to make yogurt
Bacteria
What temperature do microbes grow best
Warmer temperatures, about 20⁰c
State 3 safety rules to help prevent food poisoning
Wash hands before touching food, keep food in a fridge, reheat to at least 63⁰c
Why do Petri Dishes containing micro-organisms need to be kept closed
To prevent microbes escaping or prevent contamination
List three times when our hands should be washed to avoid infection
After using the toilet, playing outside, changing a nappy, touching pets,
before preparing food
State four ways infectious diseases can enter our bodies
Respiratory system, Skin, Reproductive system, Digestive system
Name 3 different sources of infection
Infected people, pets, unclean surfaces
Which two groups of people are most at risk from infection
Elderly people, young people, people on medicine
State three ways the spread of infection can be prevented
Isolate infected people, take care with raw food, dispose of soiled
nappies appropriately
State three things blood is made up of
Cells, protein fragments, plasma
Name three things that can be carried in the blood plasma
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, food and wastes
Name the two types of white blood cell involved in fighting infection,
and state what they do.
Phagocytes – phagocytosis – engulf / eat bacteria
Lymphocytes – produce antibodies
name 5 shapes of bacteria
cocci, spirilla, bacilli, vibrios, spirochaetes
What are antibiotics
Medicines / drugs which kill / prevent the growth of harmful bacteria
State three ways we can prevent bacterial infections from becoming life threatening
Only use antibiotics prescribed by a doctor, always finish the course,
don’t use antibiotics for simple coughs and colds
what is spiral bacteria called
spirilla
What are antigens
A unique molecule on the surface of a microbe
What are vaccines usually made from
A weakened or in-active form of the microbe which makes us ill
What is an allergen
Any substance which triggers an allergic reaction
List three symptoms of allergies
Sneezing, Runny nose, itchy eyes, wheezing, rashes
What bacteria is spherical
Cocci
What bacteria is shaped like a rod
Bacilli
What type of bacteria is like a rod with a tail
Vibros
What bacteria is like a corkscrew
Spirochaetes
Can viruses reproduce on their own
No they can’t
Name the process by which bacteria reproduce
Binary fission
What are viruses made from
Nucleic acic (rna or dna) and a protein coat
When is a virus alive
Never
What is the process from changing milk to yogurt called
Lactic acid fermentation
Why would it take longer to make yogurt 20° than at 40°
If it’s too low it won’t ferment and if it’s too high it will let kill the good bacteria so 40⁰c is a good temperature
Why do you have to use a sterile spoon to stir the mixture
So that no other bacteria gets in
What does yeast produce
Carbon dioxide
Sterilising process
Aseptic technique
What aseptic techniques can you use when preparing a plate streak
Dragging the loop on it
A disease causing microbe
Pathogea
Process where a phagocyte engulfs a pathogen
Phagocytosis
Used to prevent infection, not treat it
Vaccine
Antibodies bind to these
Antigens
The process of fermentation involves the breakdown of ? into lactic acid
Lactose
When antibiotics no longer have an effect on bacteria they are said to be
Resistant
During bread and beer making fermentation produces carbon dioxide and
Ethanol
