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Grade 10 Science > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The nucleus controls all of the cells activities

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2
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

They help produce protein, which makes up cells structure and is needed for a cell to survive.

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3
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

Where energy is released from glucose to fuel cell activities

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4
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A group of filaments and tubules that provide a framework for the cell and provide tracks along which vesicles and organelles can move

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5
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A network of membrane covered channels that transport materials made in the cell

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6
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Includes the organelles, and other life supporting materials , such as sugar and water, all contained by the cell membrane

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7
Q

What is the vacuole?

A

They contain water and other materials and are used to store or transport small molecules (plant cells have one, animal cells have many)

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8
Q

What is a golgi body?

A

Golgi bodies sort and package proteins and other molecules for transport out of the cell.

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9
Q

What is a cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane separates the inside of the cell from the external environment.

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10
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Membrane covered sacs that transport and/or store materials inside the cell and sometimes help these materials cross the cell membrane to enter or exit the cell

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11
Q

What is the nuclear membrane?

A

A membrane that surrounds the nucleus to keep the DNA inside the nucleus

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12
Q

What are nucleolus?

A

They produce ribosomes

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13
Q

What is the chromatin?

A

It is found in the nucleus of the cell. its function is to compress the DNA to make it fit into the nucleus

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14
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Sacs of digestive enzymes that break down food, harmful materials, and cell parts for re-use.

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15
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

A protective, semi-permeable outer layer of the plant cell that gives the cell strength and structure

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16
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Small green chlorophyll sacs with a double membrane that transfer energy from sunlight into stored energy in carbohydrates during photosynthesis

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17
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Two rod shaped organelles that are involved with cell division.

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18
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A cell dividing to produce two identical daughter cells.

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19
Q

What is the purpose of cell division?

A

Makes new cells, helps organisms grow larger, and replaces damaged cells

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20
Q

What is interphase?

A

Interphase is the cells growth phase. It spends most of its time in this phase.

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21
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

The cellular contents are duplicated (G1), the chromosomes are duplicated (S), and the cell double checks the chromosomes for errors (G2)

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22
Q

What can cause mutations in DNA?

A

UV light, cigarettes, mercury, can also occur naturally

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23
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A

DNA condenses into chromosomes, spindle fibres begin to form, the chromosomes are made up of sister chromatids connected by a centromere

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24
Q

What happens during Metaphase?

A

The chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell, the spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes at the centromeres

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25
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A

Chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibres and are pulled towards the opposite poles

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26
Q

What happens during Telophase?

A

Chromosomes arrive at the opposite poles, the daughter nuclei form and the chromosomes expand into chromatin

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27
Q

Why do cells specialize?

A

Organisms need specialized tools to perform life functions as they grow larger and more complex

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28
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

When stem cells alter to perform specific functions

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29
Q

What is the organization of cells?

A

Cells, Tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

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30
Q

How can you harvest stem cells?

A

You can harvest them from an umbilical cord, placenta, and fertilized embryos

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31
Q

What are tissues?

A

Groups of similar cell types that perform common functions

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32
Q

What are the four basic types of tissue?

A

Muscle :moves body parts
Connective: add support and structure
Epithelial: is protective
Nervous: relays information

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33
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, Smooth, cardiac

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34
Q

What does the intigumentory system do?

A

Protect the body from water loss and the outside environment

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35
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A

Respiratory system plays a major role in gas exchange

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36
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Lymphatic system provides active defense against pathogens

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37
Q

What does the muscular system do?

A

Muscular system allows for movement

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38
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

Circulatory system transports gases and nutrients

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39
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

Nervous system coordinates involuntary and voluntary responses

40
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Endocrine system produces hormones

41
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

Digestive system is involved in the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

42
Q

What does the reproductive system do?

A

Reproductive system provides the ability to produce

43
Q

What does the skeletal system do?

A

Skeletal system supports the body with structure

44
Q

What are the additional functions of the skeletal system?

A

Protects the vital organs, allows movement, produces blood cells, gives body support and structure, stores fats and minerals

45
Q

What two parts is the human skeleton divided into?

A

Axial: bones that form the axis of the body, includes skull, vertebral column, clavicle, ribs, sternum
Appendicular: includes your arms, legs, shoulders, hips

46
Q

What are bones made up of?

A

Periosteum, compact bone, cancellous bone, blood vessels and bone marrow

47
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A thin membrane that contains blood vessels to nourish the bone and nerves

48
Q

What is the compact bone?

A

The smooth dense part visible when you look at a skeleton that provide strength and support

49
Q

What is the cancellous bone?

A

Layers of soft spongy bone within the compact bone

50
Q

What do blood vessels do?

A

Blood vessels run throughout the bone carrying nutrients and oxygen

51
Q

What is bone marrow?

A

Bone marrow is a thick jelly layer inside the bones that makes blood cells (red) or stores fat (yellow)

52
Q

Why are baby’s skeletons made of cartilage?

A

They need to be flexible to pass through the birth canal properly

53
Q

Whre does the energy that your cells need to function come from?

A

Food and oxygen

54
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

To allow the gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to occur

55
Q

Describe the process of inhaling air.

A

Air travels through the lungs into the throat, then larynx, then down the trachea into the two bronchi. Smaller tubes (bronchioles) lead to aveoli

56
Q

Describe gas exchange

A

GAs exchange happens when the red blood cells in the aveoli take oxygen from the air and give off carbon dioxide from the body, which gets exhaled during the next breath

57
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

The ribs are pulled up and out, the diaphragm contracts and moves down, increase in lung volume, pressure in lung decreases, air is intaked

58
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A

Ribcage falls, diaphragm relaxes and moves up, lung volume decreases, pressure in lung increases, waste gets expelled

59
Q

How does blood help cells?

A

It carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and moves carbon dioxide and waste away from the cells

60
Q

How does the circulatory system work?

A

The heart acts as a pump and forces blood through blood vessels

61
Q

Describe the flow of blood through the heart and body

A

Carbon dioxide rich blood enters through the right atrium, CO2 rich blood enters the right ventricle, Co2 rich blood enters the lungs, gas exchange, O rich blood enters left atrium, O rich blood enters left ventricle, goes to body, repeat

62
Q

Why does the heart contain valves?

A

To control the flow of blood and prevent backflow

63
Q

What are the two systems within the main circulatory system?

A

Pulmonary and Systemic

64
Q

What does the pulmonary system do?

A

It circulates oxygen poor blood to the heart to be re-oxygenated and sent back to the body

65
Q

What does the systemic system do?

A

It circulates oxygen rich blood to the body to give O, nutrients, and pick up waste before heading back to the heart

66
Q

What are the three main types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, capillaries, and veins

67
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood awat from the heart

68
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Transport nutrients and oxygen

69
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood towards the heart

70
Q

What parts of your body are included in your digestive system?

A

Mouth, liver, gall bladder, stomach, large intestine, small intestine

71
Q

What are the two parts of nutrition?

A

Ingestion: taking food into the digestive system so it may be hydrolyzed or digested
Digestion: the breakdown of food to utilize nutrients

72
Q

How do you not choke on food?

A

Your epiglottis closes off your trachea

73
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The involuntary muscle contractions that move food down your esophogus

74
Q

What are the functions of your stomach?

A

Food storage, disinfect food, chemical digestion, breaks up food

75
Q

What is the gall bladder?

A

A pouch located under the liver which stores bile (which breaks down fats)

76
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that digest protein and starches. it also helps neutralize acid from the stomach

77
Q

What does the liver do?

A

It produces bile

78
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine?

A

Chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients and water through its lining

79
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A

The main function of the large intestine is to re absorb water

80
Q

What are the three kinds of plant tissue?

A

Dermal: outer protective layer
Ground: provides support and performs photosynthesis
Vascular: transports water, nutrients, sugars

81
Q

What is the function of the leaf?

A

To perform photosynthesis

82
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

The outer layer of the plant

83
Q

What does the Mesophyll do?

A

Photosynthesis

84
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

The outermost layer of the top and bottom of the leaf.

85
Q

What is the function of the stem?

A

To support the plant and transport water, sugar, and nutrients

86
Q

What are the guard cells?

A

Cells that control the opening of holes for gas exchange

87
Q

What are the xylem and what is their function?

A

They are hollow tubes of cells . they transport water and nutrients up from the root

88
Q

What is the phloem and what is their function?

A

They are cells that transport sugar down from the leaf

89
Q

What are the functions of the roots?

A

Anchor the plant, takes in water, storage

90
Q

What are the 2 types of roots?

A

Tap root: one main root that acts as the anchor
Fibrous root: many small roots, helps prevent erosion

91
Q

What is the function of the flower?

A

Reproduction

92
Q

What are the male parts of the flower?

A

Stamen: male reproductive part of the flower
Anther: produces pollen
Filament: supports the anther

93
Q

What are the female parts of the flower?

A

Pistil: the female part of the flower
Stigma: pollen receptive part of the pistil
Style: stalk of the pistil down which the pollen tube grows
Ovary: contains the ovules and become the fruit
Ovule: becomes the seed when fertilized

94
Q

What is the function of the petals?

A

Attracts insects and birds

95
Q

What is the sepal?

A

Protects the bud

96
Q

What is the receptacle?

A

Where the reproductive of a plant are attached

97
Q
A

Grade 10 Science (4 decks)

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