Biology Flashcards
Cell theory
- all living things are made up of cells
- cells are the basic building blocks of life
- new cells are formed from divided cells
Cell membrane
Regulates what goes in and out of a cell
Cytoplasm
- jelly like substance
- contains dissolved substances and organelles
- the filler of the cell
Nucleus
- membrane bound sack
Nucleuous
- creates ribosomes
Miotochondrea
- powerhouse of cell
- converts the glucose to energy for the cell
Ribosomes
- builds proteins using amino acids
- can be either free floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
2 types
- smooth type: builds lipids ad carbs
- rough type: stores proteins made by attached ribosomes
Golgi body/apparatus
- transports, sorts and modifies proteins and lipids
Lysosomes
- sacs filled with digestive enzymes
- digest worn out cells
- digest food absorbed by the cells
Centrioles
- bundled tubes
- organise cell division
Cytoskeleton
- made of microtubles
- gives shape to cell
Chloroplasts
- only in plant cells
- contains chlorophyll
- carry out photosynthesis
- make food that fat dumpy mitochondria eats
Vacuole
- huge water filled sac
- keeps cell pressurised
- stores starch
Fungal cells
- cell walls made of chitin
- do not have chloroplast or large vacuole
Prokaryote
- organelles do not have a membrane
- ribosomes are the only organelles
- genetic material floats in the cytoplasm
- circular DNA
- unicellular
- smaller in size
Eukaryotes
- multiple organelles including ribosomes
- linear DNA
- unicellular + multicellular
- bigger
Example of Prokaryote
- bacteria
- archaea
Example of Eukaryotes
- plant cells
- animal cells
How can cells move
- pseudopods : kinda like feet + is an extension of the cell
- flagellum : whip like tail that pushes through water
- cilia : fine hair like extensions attached to cell membrane that beat in unison
Unicellular
- single cell
- low efficiency of labour
- if injured ded
- 1 cell performs all tasks + functions
- shorter life span than multicellular
Multicellular
- made up of multiple cells
- highly efficient
- cells work together to keep organism alive by performing their respective functions
- injury does not mean death
What do both multicellular and unicellular cells do
- turns DNA into RNA and then RNA into proteins with the help of ribosomes
- need energy and nutrients to grow
Example of unicellular
- bacteria
Example of multicellular
- animal
Parts of a microscope + function
- ocular: eyepeice
- body tube: holds objective and ocular
- arm: something used to hold the microscope safely
- objective lens: allows us to directly observe our object
- stage clips: holds the slide in place
- stage: where the slide is placed upon
- diaphragm: controls amount of light reaching the slide
- illuminator: the light source
- fine focus knob: used to finely focus on object after the course focus knob is used
- course focus knob: used at first to zoom in roughly on the object
- base: a support for the microscope
Light microscopes VS Electron microscopes
Light
- cheaper
- not as clear
- has colour
Electron
- more expensive
- extremely clear
- no colour
Mitosis
Cells divide to produce daughter cells with the same number of chromosome cells
Essential for growth and repair of the body
Stages of mitosis + what happens
- interphase : DNA replicates + cells prepare for division
- prophase : chromosomes become visible and centrioles separate into poles on opposite sides
- metaphase: the chromosomes are all lined up together
- anaphase : when the chromosomes are pulled away from each other, therefore creating separate chromosomes
- telophase : the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope reforms
- cytokinesis : the two separate cells form
Relationship between cells, tissues, organs, systems and whole organisms
cells make up tissues
tissues make up organs
organs make up systems
Major structures of the digestive system + function
- mouth : has salivary glands that allows the food to pass through easier
- teeth : break down food for digestion
- pharnyx : acts as a passageway for air to enter the larynx and lungs and food and liquid to enter the oesophagus
- oesophagus : transport food to the stomach, once the osephasgus feels the food, it works it down to the stomach
- stomach : mix + break down food for the small intestine
- liver : make + secrete bile(breaks down fats into fatty acids) to the gall bladder , process and purify blood
- gall bladder : stores the bile that helps with digesting fatty things and secretes the bile to the first part of the small intestine
- Pancreas : once the foods reaches the start of the small intestine, the pancreas releases its digestive juices to flow with the food + produces enzymes that help to digest food, particularly protein
- small intestine : absorbs nutrients from food using villi
- large intestine : absorbs water + electrolytes, produces + absorbs vitamins
- rectum : tells the body that it needs to take a shit
- anus : the shit comes out of this hole
Importance of enzymes
- essential for digestion
- essential for liver function
- breaks down food
- breaks down starches + carbs into sugars, proteins into amino acids, fats + oils into glycerol and fatty acids
Mechanical VS chemical digestion
- Mechanical digestion: physically digest the food with teeth etc
- Chemical digestion: by using enzymes to break down the food like what saliva has
Herbivore, Carnivore and Omnivore digestive systems
- herbivore: large stomach, long small intestine, very long large intestine
- carnivore: simple stomach, short small intestine, short large intestine
- omnivore: longer small intestine than omnivores, large intestine is smaller than herbivore
What does a circulatory system consist of
pump, carrier fluid and tubes/vessels
Components of blood
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
Closed circulatory systems
In a closed circulatory system, blood is contained inside blood vessels, circulating unidirectionally (in one direction) from the heart around the systemic circulatory route, then returning to the heart again
Double circulatory system
a type of circulatory system that includes two separate circuits for blood flow that cause blood to pass through the heart twice. This is the type of circulatory system in most mammals.
System circulation
The circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes away wastes. The heart pumps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood on different sides. The types of blood vessels include arteries, capillaries and veins.
Pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary circulation is the system of transportation that shunts de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be re-saturated with oxygen before being dispersed into the systemic circulation.
Heart location
between your lungs in the middle of your chest, behind and slightly to the left of your breastbone (sternum).
Heart structure
-Vena Cava: A large vein that carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body
- pulmonary vein: transport oxygenated blood from the lung alveoli into the left atria
- right atrium: receives blood low in oxygen from the body and then empties the blood into the right ventricle
- right ventricle: pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs
- left ventricle: responsible for pumping oxygen-rich blood into your aorta
- left atrium: receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle
- pulmonary artery: transport deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation
- aorta: carries blood FROM the heart to the circulatory system
Direction of blood flow throughout the heart
Inferior vena cava to right atrium to tricuspid to valve to right ventricle to pulmonary valve to pulmonary artery to lungs
Lungs to pulmonary vein to left atrium to bicuspid valve to left ventricle to aortic valve to aorta
Main structure of the respiratory system + function
- nasal cavity: The space inside the nose
- larynx: has vocal chords therefore allows you to speak
- trachea: carry air in and out of lungs
- bronchi: carry air to and from your lungs
- bronchioles: to deliver air to the alveoli
- alveoli: where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out
- lung: the process of gas exchange called respiration (or breathing)
- diaphragm: helps you inhale and exhale (breathe in and out
- intercostal muscles: pull down on the rib cage and thereby push air out of the lungs
- ribs: protects the organs under
- sternum: also protects organs
Inhalation VS exhalation
Inhalation is the contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, decreases the pressure inside the lungs, and causes air to flow into the lungs during inhalation
Exhalation is a passive process driven by the relaxation of the inspiratory muscles, the elastic recoil of the lungs, and the resulting decrease in thoracic cavity volume and increase in intrapulmonary pressure, which forces air out of the lungs
Process involved in the diffusion of gases between air in the alveolus and the blood
gas exchange between carbon dioxide and oxygen
Fish breathing VS mammal breathing
Fish take in water through their mouths, pass it over their gills, and expel it through their gill openings. The gills have a large surface area with many small blood vessels that efficiently absorb oxygen from the water.
In contrast, mammals breathe air through their nose and mouth, which enters their lungs. In the lungs, oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
Reproduction
the production of offspring
Asexual VS Sexual reproduction
In sexual reproduction, an organism combines the genetic information from each of its parents and is genetically unique. In asexual reproduction, one parent copies itself to form a genetically identical offspring.
Sexual reproduction advantage/disadvantage
Advantage: Sexual reproduction allows for variation, the most fundamental element of evolution.
Disadvantage:
It takes time and effort to find a viable mate
Asexual reproduction advantage/disadvantage
Advantage:
faster, more energy-efficient, and does not require the combining of sex cells from two parents.
Disadvantage:
low genetic diversity, compounding genetic mutations, and increased resource competition
Example of asexual reproduction in plants
Asexual reproduction in plants occurs through budding, fragmentation, vegetative propagation, and spore formation.
Example of asexual reproduction in animals
fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis
Parts of a flower
- stamen
- anther
- filament
- carpel
- stigma
- style
- ovary
- ovule
- sepal
- petal
- receptacle
Specialist cells involved in plant reproduction
the key specialized cells involved in plant reproduction include spores, gametangia, pollen grains, ovules
fertilization VS pollination
pollination pollens transfer from one flower to another. Whereas, in fertilization takes place after pollination is transferred successfully.
structure of the female reproductive system + function
- fallopian tube : passage way for egg and sperm to meet
- ovary : produce and store eggs
- cervix : allows fluids to pass from uterus to the vagina
- uterus : nutures the fertalized egg
- vagina : passage way for the blood to exit the body
structure of the male reproductive system + function
- prostate gland : produces fluid that nurtures sperm
- seminal vesicle : produces most of the fluid that makes up semen
- penis : is for urination and intercourse
- vas deferens : carries sperm form the epididymis up to the prostate gland and urethra
- scrotum : Protects the testes
- urethra : allows urine to pass through the body
- epididymis : transport sperm
- testes : makes sperm and testosterone
- anus : where the shit comes out
- rectum : the lower end of the large intestine, leading to the anus
Cell wall
Protects cell
Capillary
Capillaries are where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste
Vein
collect oxygen-poor blood and return it to your heart
Artery
distribute oxygen-rich blood to your body
*remember A for away from the heart
