biology

Question 1

types of vessels

Answer 1

arteries
veins
capillaries

Question 2

pulmonary system

Answer 2

heart lungs heart

Question 3

systemic system

Answer 3

heart body organs heart

Question 4

veins and venules

Answer 4

function
carry blood from tissues to the heart
thin walls mainly made up of collagen
blood travels at a low pressure
large lumen to reduce a resistance to flow
valves prevent backflow
deoxygenated besides pulmonary vein

Question 5

arteries and arterioles

Answer 5

function
carry blood from heart to tissues
thick walls smooth elastic layer to resist high pressure and muscle layer to aid pumping
elastic to expand during systole and recoil again during diastole
small lumen
no valves besides heart
usually oxygenated
except in pulmonary artery

Question 6

capillaries

Answer 6

function
allow exchange of materials between blood and tissues
thin one cell thick to allow exchange
endothelial cell
small lumen
blood cells must bend/distort to past through them
no valves
blood pressure falls
blood changes from oxygenated to deoxygenated except in lungs
no cell in the body is more than two cells away from a capillary

Question 7

function of trachea

Answer 7

airway that connects mouth and nose into thoracic cavity
it branches into two brochi which supply each lung with air

Question 8

ciliated epithelium

Answer 8

lines the trachea
goblet cells secrete mucus which traps pollen, pathogens, dust and other debris
the cillia waft the mucus and trapped debris up towards the back of throat can be swallowed
stomach acid destroys bacteria
ciliated epithelium helps prevent harmful substances from getting into lungs

Question 9

glandular tissue

Answer 9

found within the walls of both trachea and bronchi and secrete mucus in addition to that secreted by the goblet cells

Question 10

flow of the heart

Answer 10

enters through the vena cava to the right atrium to the right ventricle passing through the tricuspid valve out through the pulmonary artery where the semi lunar valve is blood comes back in through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium to the left ventricle passed the bicuspid valve out through the aorta

Question 11

type A

Answer 11

antigen A
antibody B
cant have B or AB blood
can have A or O

Question 12

type B

Answer 12

anigen B
anitbody A
cant have A or AB blood
can have B or O

Question 13

type AB

Answer 13

antigen A and B
no antibodies
can have any blood
universal repriant

Question 14

type O

Answer 14

no antigen
A and B antibodies
can only have O
universal doner

Question 15

cardiac cycle

Answer 15

The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events that take place during one heartbeat. It is divided into 3 phases:​
Atrial systole (contraction)​
Ventricular systole (contraction)​
Diastole (relaxation)
The cardiac cycle is controlled through electrical stimulation via nervous tissue.

Question 16

cardiac cycle sequence of events

Answer 16

A patch of specialised heart tissue called the sinoatrial node in the upper part of the right atrium sets the base rate for the contraction. This is why it is known as the pacemaker. The SAN requires no external nervous stimulation to make the heart muscle contract, this is because the myocytes (heart muscle cells) are slightly polarised. When they become depolarised the muscle contracts.​

Wave of depolarisation (nervous impulse) spreads across the atria causing them to contract and pump blood into ventricles. ​

The wave reaches the AVN and is transmitted through purkyne fibres down the bundle of His through the septum to the apex of the ventricles.​

Purkyne fibres carry the depolarisation up through the walls of the ventricles causing them to contract from the base upwards and pump blood into the arteries.​

The atria and ventricles now relax and blood from the vena cava begins to fill up the atria.

Question 17

Sinoatrial node (SAN)

Answer 17

irritates the heartbeat and controls its speed
also known as the pacemaker
causes the atria to contract

Question 18

Atrioventricular node (AVN)

Answer 18

recieves the electrical impulses from SAN and passes down the bundle of HIS

Question 19

Bundle of His

Answer 19

purkyne fibres running through the septum
carries the impulse to the base of the ventricles

Question 20

purkyne fibres

Answer 20

carries the electrical impulse up the walls of the ventricles causing them to contract from the base upwards