Biology Flashcards
Control and coordination
how is Control and Coordination carried out in Animals?
Nervous system and endocrine system.
The nervous and hormonal systems in animals are responsible for control and coordination.
What are receptors?
All information from our environment is
detected by the specialized tips of some
nerve cells.
What are the types of receptors?
olfactory receptors will detect smell
gustatory receptors will detect taste
photoreceptors present in the eye
phono receptors will detect sound
Thermoreceptors present in our skin
State the function of a neuron.
This information, acquired at the
end of the dendritic tip of a nerve cell
sets off a chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse. This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body, and then along the axon to its end. At the end of the axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals. These chemicals cross the gap, or synapse, and start a similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron
What is a reflex action?
Reflex action is a quick, sudden and immediate response to the stimulus
What is a reflex arc?
A neural pathway that controls the reflexes.
What is CNS?
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and the spinal cord.
What are the types of reflex actions?
The types of reflex action are voluntary and involuntary
What does the cerebrum do?
The cerebrum is responsible for reasoning, logic, emotions, speech, memory, visual processing, recognition of auditory and taste stimuli, etc.
What does the cerebellum do?
Cerebellum regulates and coordinates body movements, posture and balance.
What does the pons do?
Pons relays signals from the hindbrain to the forebrain.
What does the medulla do?
Medulla Oblongata controls all involuntary movements like vomiting, sneezing, yawning, heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, etc.
The Medulla oblongata continues as the spinal cord, which runs through the vertebral column and it controls reflex actions.
What is PNS?
The nerves coming out from the brain and the spinal cord constitute the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
There are 12 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves in humans.
How is the brain protected in our body?
Brain is protected by a hard, bony box called the cranium or skull.
It is covered by three membrane called meninges.
It is protected by a fluid filled balloon (cerebrospinal fluid) which acts as shock absorber.
What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?
Reflex action
It is an involuntary action
It is under the control of the peripheral nervous system i.e., the spinal cord.
It is the action that takes place in response to certain stimuli like touching a hot object and does not involve a thinking process.
Walking
It is a voluntary action.
It is under control of central nervous system i.e., brain.
It does not require any stimulus to process and involves a thinking process.
