BIOLOGY 🫐 Flashcards
What cells are specialized to carry out particular functions
- sperm cells, nerve cells and muscle cells in animals
-root hair cells, xylem and phloem cells in plants
How long do cells take to differentiate
-animal cell differentiate at an early stage
-plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life
What does a cell nucleus contain
Chromosomes made of DNA molecules
What do chromosomes contain
Genes
What is the stages of cell division called
The cell cycle
What is the first stage of the cell cycle
DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome and sub cellular structures increase
What is the second stage of the cell cycle
Mitosis : one set of chromosomes is pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell and the nucleus divides
What is the third stage of the cell cycle
The cytoplasm and the cell membrane divide to form two identical cells
What is mitosis important for
The growth and development of multicellular organisms
How does a cell become specialized
It acquires different sub cellular structures to enable it to carry out a certain function
What is a stem cell
Cells with the potential to differentiate into many other cells in the body
Functions of stem cells from embryos
embryos can be cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells.
What can stem cells do from adult bone marrow
Stem cells from adult bone marrow can form many types of cells including blood cells.
What can stem cells do from meristem tissues (plant)
Meristem tissue in plants can differentiate into any type of plant cell, throughout the life of the plant
Embryonic stem cells are….
Pluripotent
Stem cells in adult bone marrow are….
Multipotent
Uses of stem cells
-Therapeutic cloning
-helping conditions such as diabetes and paralysis
What is therapeutic cloning
-An embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient (embryo stem cells are not rejected by the human body)
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