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Biology 1407 > Biology 1407 Test 1 > Flashcards

Biology 1407 Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

AGE OF THE EARTH

A

4.6 BYA

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2
Q

TIME OF FIRST PROKARYOTES?

A

3.6 BYA

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3
Q

TIME OF FIRST EUKARYOTES?

A

1.8 BYA

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4
Q

MULTICELLULAR LIFE FORMS?

A

550 MYA

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5
Q

EXPLANATIONS FOR MASS EXTINCTIONS?

A
  1. LAVA DEPOSITS: SIBERIAN TRAPS
  2. PERMIAN EXTINCTION: MASSIVE RELEASE OF METHANE INTO THE AIR
  3. DECCAN TRAPS: ASTEROIDS THAT WIPED OUT THE DINOS
  4. HUMAN IMPACT
  5. CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENT
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6
Q

HOW MANY MASS EXTINCTIONS HAVE OCCURED?

A

6.

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7
Q

TWO PRE-DARWINISM THEORIES ON EVOLUTION AND THEIR PROPONENTS

A
  1. ARISTOTLE: NATURALIST. GREAT CHAIN OF BEING– EXTENDED FROM THE LOWEST FORM (SNAKES) THROUGH HUMANS
  2. LAMARCK: SPECIES GRADUALLY IMPROVED OVER GENERATIONS BECAUSE OF AN INHERENT DRIVE TOWARD PERFECTION (GIRAFFE)
  3. CUVIER: MANY SPECIES THAT HAD ONCE EXISTED WERE NOW EXTINCT. CATASTROPHISM
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8
Q

NATURAL SELECTION:

A

ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES RESULT IN VARIATION OF INDIVIDUALS

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9
Q

WHO DEVELOPED THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION? WHO SUPPORTED THIS THEORY?

A

CHARLES DARWIN, ALFRED WALLACE

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10
Q

COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY:

A

THE STUDY OF BODY PLANS AND STRUCTURES AMONG GROUPS OF ORGANISMS

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11
Q

NATURALIST

A

PERSON WHO OBSERVES LIFE FROM A SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE

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12
Q

CATASTROPHISM:

A

CUVIER’S THEORY THAT CATASTROPHIC GEOLOGIC FORCES SHAPED EARTH’S SURFACE

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13
Q

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

A

HUMANS CHOOSE TRAITS THAT THEY FAVOR IN A DOMESTIC SPECIES BY SELECTIVE BREEDING

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14
Q

RADIOMETRIC DATING

A

METHOD OF ESTIMATING THE AGE OF A FOSSIL BY MEASURING THE CONTENT AND PROPORTIONS OF A RADIOISOTOPE AND ITS DAUGHTER ELEMENTS

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15
Q

GODWANA

A

SUPERCONTINENT BEFORE PANGEA, MORE THAN 500 MYA

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16
Q

PANGEA

A

SUPERCONTINENT THAT FORMED 250 MYA

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17
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

A

THEORY THAT EARTH’S OUTER LAYER OF ROCK IS CRACKED INTO PLATES

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18
Q

GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE

A

CHRONOLOGY OF EARTH’S HISTORY

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19
Q

ALLELE FREQUENCY:

A

ABUNDANCE OF PARTICULAR ALLELES AMONG A POPULATION

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20
Q

GENE POOL

A

ALL THE ALLELES OF ALL THE GENES IN A POPULATION

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21
Q

MICROEVOLUTION

A

CHANGE IN ALLELE FREQUENCIES IN A POPULATION OR SPECIES

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22
Q

GENETIC EQUILIBRIUM

A

THEORETICAL STATE IN WHICH A POPULATION IS NOT EVOLVING

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23
Q

DIRECTIONAL SELECTION

A

PHENOTYPES AT ONE END OF A RANGE OF VARIATION ARE FAVORED

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24
Q

DISRUPTIVE SELECTION

A

FAVORS FORMS OF A TRAIT AT THE EXTREMES OF A RANGE OF VARIATION–INTERMEDIATE FORMS ARE SELECTED AGAINST

25
STABILIZING SELECTION
FAVORS THE INTERMEDIATE FORMS OF A TRAIT OVER THE EXTREMES
26
BALANCED POLYMORPHISM
MAINTENANCE OF TWO OR MORE ALLELES FOR A TRAIT AT A HIGH FREQUENCY IN A POPULATION--SEXUAL SELECTION
27
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
DISTINCT MALE AND FEMALE PHENOTYPES
28
SEXUAL SELECTION
SOME INDIVIDUALS OUTREPRODUCE OTHERS BECAUSE THEY ARE BETTER AT SECURING MATES (BIRDS IN PARADISE)
29
BOTTLENECK
DRASTIC REDUCTION IN POPULATION SIZE
30
FOUNDER EFFECT
AFTER A SMALL GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS FOUND A NEW POPULATION, ALLELE FREQUENCIES IN THE NEW POPULATION DIFFER FROM THOSE IN THE ORIGINAL
31
GENETIC DRIFT
CHANGE IN ALLELE FREQUENCIES IN A POPULATION DUE TO CHANCE ALONE
32
INBREEDING
MATING AMONG RELATIVES
33
REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION
END OF A GENE FLOW BETWEEN POPULATIONS
34
SPECIATION
A NEW SPECIES ARISES
35
ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION
A PHYSICAL BARRIER ENDS GENE FLOW BETWEEN POPULATION | ALLOW=AWAY
36
PARAPATRIC SPECIATION
ADJACENT POPULATIONS SPECIATE DESPITE BEING SLIGHTLY OVERLAPPED
37
SYMPATRIC SPECIATION
ALTHOUGH SEVERAL SPECIES MIGHT BE IN THE SAME ENVIRONMENT, THEY MIGHT SPECIATE. MORE COMMON IN PLANTS THAN IN ANIMALS
38
ADAPTIVE RADIATION
A BURST OF GENETIC DIVERGENCES FROM A LINEAGE GIVES RISE TO A NEW SPECIES
39
COEVOLUTION
TWO SPECIES ARE DEPENDENT ON EACH OTHER SO IF ONE EVOLVES, THE OTHER MUST FOLLOW SUIT
40
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
TWO COMPLETELY UNRELATED SPECIES EVOLVE WITH SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS WATER ANIMALS ALL EVOLVE TO SURVIVE IN WATER, THOUGH THEY ARE NOT ALL RELATED TO EACH OTHER
41
HOW DO WE DATE ROCKS AND FOSSILS
RADIOMETRIC DATING
42
EXAPTATION
ADAPTATION OF AN EXISTING STRUCTURE FOR A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT PURPOSE
43
MACROEVOLUTION
LARGE SCALE EVOLUTION
44
STASIS
LINEAGE PERSISTS WITH LITTLE OR NO CHANGE OVER EVOLUTIONARY TIME
45
CLADE
GROUP WHOSE MEMBERS SHARE ONE OR MORE DEFINING DERIVED TRAITS
46
PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM
LONG PERIODS OF NO CHANGE PUNCTUATED BY RAPID CHANGE
47
HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER
INDIVIDUALS PICK UP NEW DNA AFTER THEY ARE BORN--BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS, HIV
48
WHAT DO SHARED BRANCHES ON A CLADOGRAM MEAN
A SHARED ANCESTOR
49
CLADOGRAM
EVOLUTIONARY TREE DIAGRAM THAT SHOWS EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG CLADES
50
CLADISTICS
METHOD OF MAKING HYPOTHESES ABOUT EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
51
MONOPYLETIC GROUP
AN ANCESTOR IN WHICH A DERIVED TRAIT EVOLVED TOGETHER WITH ALL OF ITS DESCENDANTS
52
PHYLOGENY
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF A SPECIES OR GROUP OF SPECIES
53
SISTER GROUPS
THE TWO LINEAGES THAT EMERGE FROM A NODE ON A CLADOGRAM
54
ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES
SIMILAR STRUCTURES THAT EVOLVED SEPARATELY IN DIFFERENT LINEAGES
55
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
SIMILAR STRUCTURES IN DIFFERENT LINEAGES BECAUSE THEY ALL EVOLVED FROM A COMMON ANCESTOR
56
MORPHOLOGICAL CONVERGENCE
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN IN WHICH SIMILAR BODY PARTS EVOLVE SEPARATELY IN DIFFERENT LINEAGES
57
MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERGENCE
PATTERN IN WHICH A BODY PART OF AN ANCESTOR CHANGES IN ITS DESCENDENTS
58
MOLECULAR CLOCK
HAVING TO DO WITH DNA TO ESTIMATE HOW LONG AGO TWO LINEAGES DIVERGED
59
ENDOSYMBIONT HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS THAT MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS EVOLVED FROM BACTERIA MUTUAL DEPENDENCY

Biology 1407 (4 decks)

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