biology Flashcards
chemical symbol for glucose
C6H12O6
name three thing plants and animals need glucose for?
respiration, to make amino acid , to make fat
describe how you test for glucose
-place some of the food sample into.
a test tube, add water and mix
-add benedicts solution and mix
-put the tube in a water bath for a for
minute
-recordd the colour of the solution
what is the function of proteins in the human body?
growth + repair of body tissues, antibodies/white blood cells, enzymes, hormones
where in the human body is starch broken down?
small intestines, mouth
what is the function of an emulsifier?
mixes two liquids that are usually unmixable to form an emulsion
enzyme
proteins that act as biological catalysts by speeding up chemical reactions
active site
the part of an enzyme that a substrate binds to
product of the breakdown of carbohydrates:
smaller sugars (eg: glucose, maltose)
product of the breakdown of proteins?
amino acids
products of the breakdown of lipids
fatty acids & glycerol
structure of DNA:
-double helix
-nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between complimentary base pairs
what is a gene?
a small section of DNA on a chromosome
function of a gene
codes for a particular sequence of amino acids to make a specific protein
genome
the entire genetic material in an organism
what are chromosomes?
thin strands of DNA
how does DNA code for a protein?
(transcription)
transcription:
1. an enzyme called RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA (at a non
coding region)
2. the enzyme separates the DNA strands
3. the enzyme moves along the strand and adds rNA bases (same as DNA but uracil rather than thymine)
4. the nucleotides link together and form mRNA which leaves through the nucleus
5. the DNA strands join again
how does DNA code for a protein?
(translation)
mRNA arrives at the ribosome
2. the tRNA which has complementary anticodons lines up to make specific amino acid
3. the ribosomes move along and join the amino acids made from the tRNA together, a polypeptide chain is made
4. proteins are made from the polypeptide chains
some bacteria have an extra
layer on top of their cell walls, what if the name of that layer?
slime capsule
where does the genetic material of a prokaryotic cell exist?
loose in the cytoplasm (chromosomal)
what is the name of extra small DNA found in some prokaryotes?
plasmid
state a similarity between plant cells and bacteria cells
both have cell walle
diffusion
particles move from a high to low concentration
net movement
particles move in all directions but there is a net movement from high to low
