Biology

Question 1

What are the three parts of a neuron?

Answer 1

Cell body, axon, dendrites

Question 2

What are the three joint motions?

Answer 2

Roll, slide, spin

Question 3

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 3

Shape, protection, movement, blood production, storage of minerals

Question 4

What are the layers of muscle, in order of depth?

Answer 4

Endomesium (deepest)
Perimysium
Epimesium

Question 5

What are the characteristics of slow twitch (Type 1) muscle fibers?

Answer 5

1. Smaller
2. More oxygen
3. Less force
4. Slow to fatigue

Question 6

What are the characteristics of fast twitch (Type 2) muscle fibers?

Answer 6

1. Larger
2. Less oxygen
3. More force
4. Fast to fatigue

Question 7

What do muscle spindles do?

Answer 7

1. Change in length
2. Stretch reflex
3. Cause contraction

Question 8

What do Golgi tendons do?

Answer 8

1. Attach to tendons
2. Change muscle tension
3. Cause relaxation

Question 9

What is the order of blood flow in the heart?

Answer 9

1. Right Atrium (no O2)
2. Right Ventricle (no O2)
   lungs
3. Left Atrium (O2)
4. Left Ventricle (O2 to body via aorta)

Question 10

What are the types of blood vessels & how do they flow from & to the heart?

Answer 10

Arteries (O2 rich)–>arterioles–>capillaries (sites of exchange)–>venules–>veins

Question 11

What are the functions of blood?

Answer 11

1. Transport O2
2. Transport waste
3. Transport hormones
4. Carry heat
5. Regulate temperature
6. Clotting
7. Fights disease when ill

Question 12

What are the 3 ways your body can generate ATP?

Answer 12

1. Immediate (0-10 secs): Creatine-Phosphate
2. Short term (10-60 secs): Lactic/Glycolytic/Anerobic
3. Long term (>60 secs): Oxidative/Aerobic (Krebs cycle and electron transport chain happen here)

Question 13

Describe:
1.Superior/inferior
2. Anterior/posterior
3. Medial/lateral
4. Proximal/distal

Answer 13

1. Towards head/feet
2. Front/back of body
3. Near to/further from midline of body
4. Close to/far from point of origin

Question 14

The Transverse plane divides the body into?

Answer 14

Top & bottom

Question 15

The Frontal plane divides the body into?

Answer 15

Front & back

Question 16

The Sagittal plane divides the body into?

Answer 16

Left & right

Question 17

What are the movements that occur in the Sagittal plane?

Answer 17

Front & back movements!
Flexion: decreasing the joint angle (e.g. bicep curl)
Extension: increasing the joint angle
Dorsiflexion (ankle only): moving the top of the foot towards the shin
Plantarflexion: pointing toes

Question 18

What are the movements that occur in the Frontal plane?

Answer 18

Left & right movements!
Adduction: movement toward the midline
Abduction: movements away from the midline
Inversion: tilting foot towards midline
Eversion: tilting foot away from midline

Question 19

What are the movements that occur in the Transverse plane?

Answer 19

Rotation movements!
Pronation: rotating palm or foot down
Supination: rotating palm or foot up (cup of soup)
Horizontal adduction: a punch or fly motion
Horizontal abduction: come at me bro

Question 20

What is the process that inhibits contraction of an antagonist muscle when its agonist is contracting?

Answer 20

Reciprocal inhibition

Question 21

Which type of muscle contraction involves no change in muscle length?

Answer 21

Isometric (static) contractions

Question 22

What is a concentric muscle contraction?

Answer 22

When the muscle shortens

Question 23

What is an eccentric muscle contraction?

Answer 23

When the muscle lengthens

Question 24

Which muscle contraction leads to greater muscle breakdown/DOMS/growth?

Answer 24

Eccentric

Question 25

What is autogenic inhibition?

Answer 25

The ability of a muscle to relax during stretching or increased tension, such as when holding tense spots (for 30 secs!) during SMR

Question 26

What is the Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO) and where is it located?

Answer 26

Located at the point where muscle and tendon meet, the GTO is sensitive to change in muscle tension and the speed thereof

Question 27

What are muscle spindles?

Answer 27

Sensory organs that are parallel to the muscle fibers. They detect muscle length and and the speed at which a muscle is stretching

Question 28

What is the difference between the somatic and the autonomous nervous systems?

Answer 28

Somatic is under our conscious control

Question 29

What is the difference between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems?

Answer 29

Sympathetic is our fight-or-flight response, parasympathetic is relaxation & digestion

Question 30

Type 1 (slow twitch) muscle fibers vs. Type 2 (fast twitch)

Answer 30

Type 1: better endurance, less power Type 2: more power, exhaust faster

Question 31

How many vertebrae are in the Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar sections of the spine?

Answer 31

Breakfast (cervical) at 7 Lunch (thoracic) at 12 Dinner (lumbar) at 5 (also 5 fused sacral)

Question 32

What is the functional unit of a muscle?

Answer 32

Sarcomere (it shortens as z lines move closer together when actin is pulled across myosin)

Question 33

What are the 3 stages of the general adaptation syndrome?

Answer 33

1. Alarm reaction: your initial fight-or-flight reaction to a stressor 2. Resistance development 3. Exhaustion

Question 34

What is the SAID principle?

Answer 34

The body will adapt to the demands placed upon it

Question 35

What are the BP zones?

Answer 35

<120/80 normal 120-129/<80 elevated 130-139/80-89 stage 1 >140/>90 stage 2

Question 36

What do beta blockers do?

Answer 36

Lower HR at rest and during exercise

Question 37

What do diuretics do?

Answer 37

Increase water excretion (pee). Can lead to dehydration.