biology Flashcards
1
Q
- all living things are made up of cells
- the cell is the basic unit of life
- cells arise ONLY from preexisting cells
- cells carry genetic information (DNA)
A
what is cell theory?
2
Q
_ is an aqueous component that allows molecules to diffuse throughout cell
A
cytosol
3
Q
_ are not considered living because they: are acellular, require host cell for reproduction, and may contain RNA
A
viruses
4
Q
eukaryotes have _ organelles
A
membrane-bound
5
Q
DNA (in nucleus) is organized into _
A
chromosomes
6
Q
phospholipids form _ interior-exterior and a _ core
A
hydroPHILIC; hydroPHOBIC
7
Q
_ is a double membrane that contains nuclear pores
A
nuclear membrane (envelope)?
8
Q
_ allow two-way material exchange between nucleus and cytosol
A
nuclear pores
9
Q
_ are coding regions (DNA)
A
genes
10
Q
rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is synthesized in the _
A
nucleolus
11
Q
_ of mitochondria forms a barrier with cytosol
A
outer membrane
12
Q
_ of mitochondria is folded into cristae
A
inner membrane
13
Q
cristae contains enzymes for _
A
electron transport chain
14
Q
_ is located inside inner mitochondrial membrane
A
mitochondrial matrix
15
Q
mitochondria is able to independently divide via _
A
binary fission
16
Q
_ can be triggered by mitochondrial enzymes being released into cytoplasm
A
apoptosis (cell death)
17
Q
_ contain hydrolytic enzymes
A
lysosomes
18
Q
_ break down substances from endocytosis and cellular waste
A
hydrolytic enzymes
19
Q
_ (of cell) can occur when hydrolytic enzymes are relased
A
autolysis
20
Q
a series of interconnected membranes that is continuous with nuclear envelope
A
what is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
21
Q
_ ER has ribosomes; _ ER lacks ribosomes
A
rough; smooth
22
Q
_ allows protein translation
A
rough ER
23
Q
_ is used for lipid synthesis and detoxification
A
smooth ER
24
Q
location for modification, packaging, and transport of cellular products to specific locations
A
golgi apparatus
25
peroxisomes contain _
hydrogen peroxide
26
peroxisomes break down long chain fatty acids via _
Beta-oxidation
27
_ participate in phospholipid synthesis and pentose phosphate pathway
peroxisomes
28
the part of the cell that provides stability and rigidity; provides transport pathways
what is the cytoskeleton?
29
microfilaments contain the protein _
actin
30
_ provide structural protection
microfilaments
31
muscle contraction can result from interaction between microfilaments and _
myosin
32
microfilaments help form _ during cytokinesis stage of mitosis
cleavage furrow
33
microtubules are formed by the protein _
tubulin
34
microtubules create pathways for the motor proteins _ and _
kinesin, dynein
35
microtubules contribute to the _ structure of flagella and cilia
9+2
36
centrioles are found in _
centrosomes
37
centrioles are involved in _ organization
microtubule
38
_ filaments help anchor organelles
intermediate
39
_ maintain the integrity of the cytoskeleton (cell to cell adhesion)
intermediate filaments
40
tissues that line body cavities and cover the body
what are epithelial tissues?
41
_ protect body from pathogens and dessication
epithelial tissues
42
functional part(s) of organ
what is parenchyma?
43
the parenchyma is formed by _
epithelial cells
44
epithelial cells may be _, which means one side faces the lumen or outside while the other side faces vessels or structural cells
polarized
45
_ epithelia have one layer; _ epithelia have several layers
simple; stratified
46
_ epithelia look like they have multiple layers, but they only have one layer
pseudostratified
47
_ cells are shaped like cubes
cuboidal
48
_ cells are long and narrow
columnar
49
_ cells are flat and scale-like
squamous
50
tissues that support the body and provide a framework for epithelial cells
what is connective tissue?
51
connective tissue forms _ in most organs
stroma
52
_ support structure by secreting materials that form the extracellular matrix
connective tissue
53
_ include bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood
connective tissues
54
_ organize genetic material in a single (circular) model of DNA, so they do not have organelles
prokaryotes
55
this region contains the genetic information of prokaryptes
what is the nucleoid region?
56
in the domains of life, _ and _ are prokaryotic while _ is non-prokaryotic
archaea, bacteria; eukarya
57
archaea are _, which means they can live in harsh environments and can use alternate energy sources
extremophiles
58
bacteria have complex relationships with humans, which can include _ or _
symbiosis, pathogenesis
59
_ are spherical bacteria; _ are rod-like bacteria; and _ are spiral-shaped bacteria
cocci; bacilli; spirilli
60
_ (bacteria) need oxygen for metabolism
obligate aerobes
61
_ (bacteria) carry out anaerobic reproduction, cannot survive environments with oxygen
obligate anaerobes
62
_ (bacteria) can survive with or without oxygen; metabolism is adaptable to environment
facultative anareobes
63
_ (bacteria) can survive in environment with oxygen, but cannot USE oxygen for metabolism
aerotolerant anaerobes
64
cell wall and membrane together form the _
envelope
65
the structure that controls movement of solutes into and out of the cell
envelope
66
during gram staining, gram positive bacteria turn _ while gram negative bacteria turn _
purple; pink-red
67
gram positive bacteria have a _ cell wall; contains peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid
thick
68
gram negative bacteria have a _ cell wall; contains peptidoglycan, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharides
thin
69
movement in response to a chemical stimuli
what is chemotaxis?
70
prokaryotes use _ for electron transport chain
cell membrane
71
prokaryotic ribosomes are _ than eukaryotic ribosomes
smaller
72
in _, the chromosome replicates while cell grows, then divides into 2 identical daughter cells
binary fission
73
"antibiotic resistance genes" in the plasmid
what are virulence factors?
74
_ are plasmids that can integrate into the genome
episomes
75
bacterial genetic recombination _ bacterial diversity
increases
76
the acquisition of genetic material from environment
what is transformation?
77
the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another via bridge
what is conjugation?
78
plasmid can be transferred from _ to _ cells
F+; F-
79
the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using a vector
what is transduction?
80
genetic elements tha can insert or remove themselves from genome
what are transponons?
81
_ has 4 phases:
1. lag phase
2. exponential (log) phase
3. stationary phase
4. death phase
bacterial growth
82
bacteria adapt to local conditions
what is lag phase?
83
growth increases exponentially
what is log phase?
84
growth levels off since resources are reduced
what is stationary phase?
85
what occurs to bacteria when resources become insufficient?
death phase
86
protein coat
what is a capsid?
87
_ contain genetic material, capsid, and sometimes lipid-containing envelope
viruses
88
viruses cannot survive and replicate outside of a host cell, which makes them _
obligate intracellular parasites
89
individual virus particles
what are virions?
90
viruses that target bacteria
what are bacteriophages?
91
_ (bacteriophage) injects genetic material into bacterium
tail sheath
92
_ allow bacteriophage to attach to the host cell
tail fibers
93
viral genomes may be made of various _
nucleic acids
94
single-stranded RNA viruses than can be translated by host cell
what is positive sense?
95
single-stranded RNA viruses which require complementary strand to be synthesized with RNA replicase
negative sense
96
_ contain single-stranded RNA genome
retroviruses
97
_ creates a complementary DNA strand
reverse transcriptase
98
viruses attach to specific _ to infect cells
receptors
99
viral _ are released through cell death, lysis, or extrusion
progeny
100
bacteriophage produces many new virions until cell lyses
what is the lytic cycle?
101
bacteria in lytic phase are called _
virulent
102
virus integrates into host genome, which then reproduces along with cell
what is the lysogenic cycle?
103
infectious proteins; trigger misfolding of other proteins
what are prions?
104
prions _ solubility and degradability of misfolded protein
decrease
105
small circles of DNA that can turn off genes (can result in cell death)
what are viroids?
106
viroids are mostly considered _ pathogens
plant
107
