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biology Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q
  1. all living things are made up of cells
  2. the cell is the basic unit of life
  3. cells arise ONLY from preexisting cells
  4. cells carry genetic information (DNA)
A

what is cell theory?

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2
Q

_ is an aqueous component that allows molecules to diffuse throughout cell

A

cytosol

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3
Q

_ are not considered living because they: are acellular, require host cell for reproduction, and may contain RNA

A

viruses

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4
Q

eukaryotes have _ organelles

A

membrane-bound

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5
Q

DNA (in nucleus) is organized into _

A

chromosomes

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6
Q

phospholipids form _ interior-exterior and a _ core

A

hydroPHILIC; hydroPHOBIC

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7
Q

_ is a double membrane that contains nuclear pores

A

nuclear membrane (envelope)?

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8
Q

_ allow two-way material exchange between nucleus and cytosol

A

nuclear pores

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9
Q

_ are coding regions (DNA)

A

genes

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10
Q

rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is synthesized in the _

A

nucleolus

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11
Q

_ of mitochondria forms a barrier with cytosol

A

outer membrane

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12
Q

_ of mitochondria is folded into cristae

A

inner membrane

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13
Q

cristae contains enzymes for _

A

electron transport chain

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14
Q

_ is located inside inner mitochondrial membrane

A

mitochondrial matrix

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15
Q

mitochondria is able to independently divide via _

A

binary fission

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16
Q

_ can be triggered by mitochondrial enzymes being released into cytoplasm

A

apoptosis (cell death)

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17
Q

_ contain hydrolytic enzymes

A

lysosomes

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18
Q

_ break down substances from endocytosis and cellular waste

A

hydrolytic enzymes

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19
Q

_ (of cell) can occur when hydrolytic enzymes are relased

A

autolysis

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20
Q

a series of interconnected membranes that is continuous with nuclear envelope

A

what is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

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21
Q

_ ER has ribosomes; _ ER lacks ribosomes

A

rough; smooth

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22
Q

_ allows protein translation

A

rough ER

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23
Q

_ is used for lipid synthesis and detoxification

A

smooth ER

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24
Q

location for modification, packaging, and transport of cellular products to specific locations

A

golgi apparatus

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25
Q

peroxisomes contain _

A

hydrogen peroxide

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26
Q

peroxisomes break down long chain fatty acids via _

A

Beta-oxidation

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27
Q

_ participate in phospholipid synthesis and pentose phosphate pathway

A

peroxisomes

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28
Q

the part of the cell that provides stability and rigidity; provides transport pathways

A

what is the cytoskeleton?

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29
Q

microfilaments contain the protein _

A

actin

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30
Q

_ provide structural protection

A

microfilaments

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31
Q

muscle contraction can result from interaction between microfilaments and _

A

myosin

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32
Q

microfilaments help form _ during cytokinesis stage of mitosis

A

cleavage furrow

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33
Q

microtubules are formed by the protein _

A

tubulin

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34
Q

microtubules create pathways for the motor proteins _ and _

A

kinesin, dynein

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35
Q

microtubules contribute to the _ structure of flagella and cilia

A

9+2

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36
Q

centrioles are found in _

A

centrosomes

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37
Q

centrioles are involved in _ organization

A

microtubule

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38
Q

_ filaments help anchor organelles

A

intermediate

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39
Q

_ maintain the integrity of the cytoskeleton (cell to cell adhesion)

A

intermediate filaments

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40
Q

tissues that line body cavities and cover the body

A

what are epithelial tissues?

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41
Q

_ protect body from pathogens and dessication

A

epithelial tissues

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42
Q

functional part(s) of organ

A

what is parenchyma?

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43
Q

the parenchyma is formed by _

A

epithelial cells

44
Q

epithelial cells may be _, which means one side faces the lumen or outside while the other side faces vessels or structural cells

A

polarized

45
Q

_ epithelia have one layer; _ epithelia have several layers

A

simple; stratified

46
Q

_ epithelia look like they have multiple layers, but they only have one layer

A

pseudostratified

47
Q

_ cells are shaped like cubes

A

cuboidal

48
Q

_ cells are long and narrow

A

columnar

49
Q

_ cells are flat and scale-like

A

squamous

50
Q

tissues that support the body and provide a framework for epithelial cells

A

what is connective tissue?

51
Q

connective tissue forms _ in most organs

A

stroma

52
Q

_ support structure by secreting materials that form the extracellular matrix

A

connective tissue

53
Q

_ include bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood

A

connective tissues

54
Q

_ organize genetic material in a single (circular) model of DNA, so they do not have organelles

A

prokaryotes

55
Q

this region contains the genetic information of prokaryptes

A

what is the nucleoid region?

56
Q

in the domains of life, _ and _ are prokaryotic while _ is non-prokaryotic

A

archaea, bacteria; eukarya

57
Q

archaea are _, which means they can live in harsh environments and can use alternate energy sources

A

extremophiles

58
Q

bacteria have complex relationships with humans, which can include _ or _

A

symbiosis, pathogenesis

59
Q

_ are spherical bacteria; _ are rod-like bacteria; and _ are spiral-shaped bacteria

A

cocci; bacilli; spirilli

60
Q

_ (bacteria) need oxygen for metabolism

A

obligate aerobes

61
Q

_ (bacteria) carry out anaerobic reproduction, cannot survive environments with oxygen

A

obligate anaerobes

62
Q

_ (bacteria) can survive with or without oxygen; metabolism is adaptable to environment

A

facultative anareobes

63
Q

_ (bacteria) can survive in environment with oxygen, but cannot USE oxygen for metabolism

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

64
Q

cell wall and membrane together form the _

A

envelope

65
Q

the structure that controls movement of solutes into and out of the cell

A

envelope

66
Q

during gram staining, gram positive bacteria turn _ while gram negative bacteria turn _

A

purple; pink-red

67
Q

gram positive bacteria have a _ cell wall; contains peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid

A

thick

68
Q

gram negative bacteria have a _ cell wall; contains peptidoglycan, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharides

A

thin

69
Q

movement in response to a chemical stimuli

A

what is chemotaxis?

70
Q

prokaryotes use _ for electron transport chain

A

cell membrane

71
Q

prokaryotic ribosomes are _ than eukaryotic ribosomes

A

smaller

72
Q

in _, the chromosome replicates while cell grows, then divides into 2 identical daughter cells

A

binary fission

73
Q

“antibiotic resistance genes” in the plasmid

A

what are virulence factors?

74
Q

_ are plasmids that can integrate into the genome

A

episomes

75
Q

bacterial genetic recombination _ bacterial diversity

A

increases

76
Q

the acquisition of genetic material from environment

A

what is transformation?

77
Q

the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another via bridge

A

what is conjugation?

78
Q

plasmid can be transferred from _ to _ cells

A

F+; F-

79
Q

the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using a vector

A

what is transduction?

80
Q

genetic elements tha can insert or remove themselves from genome

A

what are transponons?

81
Q

_ has 4 phases:
1. lag phase
2. exponential (log) phase
3. stationary phase
4. death phase

A

bacterial growth

82
Q

bacteria adapt to local conditions

A

what is lag phase?

83
Q

growth increases exponentially

A

what is log phase?

84
Q

growth levels off since resources are reduced

A

what is stationary phase?

85
Q

what occurs to bacteria when resources become insufficient?

A

death phase

86
Q

protein coat

A

what is a capsid?

87
Q

_ contain genetic material, capsid, and sometimes lipid-containing envelope

A

viruses

88
Q

viruses cannot survive and replicate outside of a host cell, which makes them _

A

obligate intracellular parasites

89
Q

individual virus particles

A

what are virions?

90
Q

viruses that target bacteria

A

what are bacteriophages?

91
Q

_ (bacteriophage) injects genetic material into bacterium

A

tail sheath

92
Q

_ allow bacteriophage to attach to the host cell

A

tail fibers

93
Q

viral genomes may be made of various _

A

nucleic acids

94
Q

single-stranded RNA viruses than can be translated by host cell

A

what is positive sense?

95
Q

single-stranded RNA viruses which require complementary strand to be synthesized with RNA replicase

A

negative sense

96
Q

_ contain single-stranded RNA genome

A

retroviruses

97
Q

_ creates a complementary DNA strand

A

reverse transcriptase

98
Q

viruses attach to specific _ to infect cells

A

receptors

99
Q

viral _ are released through cell death, lysis, or extrusion

A

progeny

100
Q

bacteriophage produces many new virions until cell lyses

A

what is the lytic cycle?

101
Q

bacteria in lytic phase are called _

A

virulent

102
Q

virus integrates into host genome, which then reproduces along with cell

A

what is the lysogenic cycle?

103
Q

infectious proteins; trigger misfolding of other proteins

A

what are prions?

104
Q

prions _ solubility and degradability of misfolded protein

A

decrease

105
Q

small circles of DNA that can turn off genes (can result in cell death)

A

what are viroids?

106
Q

viroids are mostly considered _ pathogens

A

plant

107
Q
A

MCAT (6 decks)

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