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year 10 biology and physics exam > biology > Flashcards

biology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is meiosis

A

cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes

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2
Q

nucleotides

A

building blocks of dna
consist of:
phosphate
deoxyribose sugar
nitrogen rich base

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3
Q

chromosome replication

A

two chromatids r formed joined in the centre by a centromere

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4
Q

frameshift mutations

A

insertion or deletion of 1 or more bases
information gets jumbled and cannot be read to make protein

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5
Q

DNA replication

A

1)parent DNA molecule unzips
2) copying of dna molecule begins with complementary bases attaching to both strands of DNA
3)replication results in 2 identical double helix’s of DNA

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6
Q

complementary base pairing

A

bases that form the rungs of DNA ladder
(adenine, thymine)
(guanine, cytosine)

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7
Q

heterozygous

A

2 different Alleles

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8
Q

mutations

A

mistake that happens as DNA is copied causing a change to the base sequence

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9
Q

triplet code

A

3 consecutive nucleotides that function as part of the genetic code for the productions of protein

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10
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristics of an individual
the way a genotype is expressed

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11
Q

chromosome

A

thread like structure in nucleus composed of DNA and proteins
contains genetic information in form of genes

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12
Q

genotype

A

genetic information carried by an individual

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13
Q

gene

A

specific sequences of DNA found in chromosome that carries the genetic code for a particular characteristic

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14
Q

alleles

A

different forms of the same gene located at the same point of homozygous chromosomes

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15
Q

silent mutation

A

changes in genetic code that DONT affect individual

DNA strand is changed but does not affect protein

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16
Q

missence mutation

A

changes that don’t stop the gene from making protein

different protein produced

not function correctly cause diseases

17
Q

nonsense mutation

A

cells stop reading information on gene

protein is incomplete

cannot function at all

18
Q

homozygous

A

having 2 identical alleles

19
Q

mitosis functions

A

growth
wound tissue repair
asexual reproduction
unicellular organisms

20
Q

mitosis

A

cell division that produces 2 identical daughter cells

21
Q

mitosis stages

A

interphase: chromosomes replicate to 2 chromatids
prophase: chromatids become visible
metaphase:line up along equator of cell
anaphase: chromatids seperate and move to opposite poles
telophase: 2 nuclei form some number of chromosomes as parent cell
cytokinesis: cell membranes form making 2 daughter cells each with a nucleus

22
Q

meiosis stages

A

metaphase1: replicates chromosomes form homologous pair attached to spindle fibre and line up in the middle
anaphase1: 1 replicated chromosome of each pair moves to each pole
telophase1: 2 cells are formed each with 1 replicated chromosome
metaphase2: line up on equator attached to spindle fibres
anaphase2: chromatids seperate and move to poles
telophase2: 4 cells results with one copy of each chromosome

23
Q

plant and animal cell difference

A

plant cell:
cell wall
vacuole
chloroplast

24
Q

role of nucleus in cell

A

storing of genetic information and cell’s control center. DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing all take place within the nucleus

25
Q

mitochondria

A

cellular respiration
organelles act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell.

26
Q

ribosomes

A

build protein

27
Q

cytoplasm

A

The cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid inside the cell. It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell. All of the functions for cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.

28
Q

cell wall

A

The cell wall is the protective, semi-permeable outer layer of a plant cell. A major function of the cell wall is to give the cell strength and structure, and to filter molecules that pass in and out of the cell.

29
Q

cell membrane

A

separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.

30
Q

vacuole

A

Vacuoles are storage organelles that usually carry food molecules or wastes in solution

year 10 biology and physics exam (2 decks)

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