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(AQA) GCSE Combined Science Paper 2’s > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis Def.

A

Maintaining A Constant Internal Environment

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2
Q

Control System Pathway

A

Receptors —> Coordination Centre —> Effectors

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3
Q

Pituitary Gland Def.

A

Stimulates Production Of Hormones

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4
Q

Thyroid Gland Def.

A

Produces Hormones, Regulates Metabolic Rate

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5
Q

Adrenal Glands Def.

A

Produces Hormones To Regulate Metabolism & Blood Pressure, Create “Fight Or Flight” Body Response

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6
Q

Pancreas Def.

A

Produces Hormones Insulin & Glucagon

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7
Q

Ovaries Def.

A

Produce Hormone Oestrogen & Regulate Menstrual Cycle

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8
Q

Testes Def.

A

Produces Hormone Testosterone & Stimulates Sperm Production

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9
Q

Human Nerves System Pathway

A

Stimulus —> Receptor —> Sensory Neurones —> Coordinator —> Motor Neurones —> Effector —> Response

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10
Q

Examples Of Reflex Actions

A

Blinking, Breathing, Coughing Sneezing, Etc

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11
Q

Synapse Def.

A

Junctions Between Neurones

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12
Q

Ruler Drop (Reaction Rate) Practical Steps

A
  • One Person Holds Ruler (From 0cm) Above The Second Persons Hand
  • Person Drops Ruler & Starts Timer
  • Second Person Detects This From Peripheral Vision
  • Second Person Catches Ruler
  • Repeat & Calculate Mean Result
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13
Q

Pancreatic Hormones And Use

A

Insulin (Decreases Blood Glucose Levels Back To Normal), Glucagon (Increases Glucose Levels Back To Normal)

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14
Q

Type 1 Diabetes & Def.

A

Pancreas Fails To Produce Insulin. Treated With Insulin Injections

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15
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Def. & Treatment

A

Body Cells No Longer Respond To Insulin, Treated With Healthy Diet & Exercise

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16
Q

FSH Hormone Def.

A

(Produces In Ovaries) Matures Egg

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17
Q

LH Hormone Def.

A

(Produced In Ovaries) Stimulates Release Of Egg

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18
Q

Oestrogen & Progesterone Def.

A

(Produced In Ovaries) Maintains Uterus Lining & Prepares For Pregnancy

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19
Q

Testosterone Def.

A

(Produced In Testes) Stimulates Production If Sperm

20
Q

Examples Of Hormonal Contraception

A

Oral (BC. Pill), Progesterone Injections / Patch

21
Q

Examples Of Non-Hormonal Contraception

A

Barrier Method (Condoms), Implant (Coil), Sterilisation (Permanent - Vasectomy)

22
Q

IVA/F Steps

A
  • Mother Is Given FSH & LH Injections
  • Eggs (From Mother) Are Fertilised By Sperm From Father
  • Premature Embryos Inserted Into Mother’s Uterus
23
Q

Ethical Issues With IVA/F

A

High Chance Of Embryo Being Destroyed In Uterus Or Fertilisation Process, Against “God’s Plan”

24
Q

Adrenaline Def.

A

Produced In Adrenal Gland, Creates “Fight Or Flight” Response In Body

25
Q

Thyroxine Def.

A

Produced In Thyroid Gland, Stimulates Metabolism & Maintains Body Temp

26
Q

Sexual Reproduction (In Humans)

A

Egg (23 C.) + Sperm (23 C.) —> Zygote (Embryo - 46C. / 23 Pairs)

27
Q

Asexual Reproduction (In Plants)

A

(Mitosis) Prophase —> Metaphase —> Anaphase —> Telophase —> Cytokinesis

28
Q

Mitosis Def.

A

One Division, Two Identical Daughter Cells

29
Q

Meiosis Def.

A

Two Divisions, Four Identical Daughter Cells, Only In Gametes

30
Q

Nucleus Def.

A

Contains Chromosomes

31
Q

DNA Def.

A

Contains Genetic Instructions For Development & Function Of An Organism

32
Q

Genetic Inheritance Def.

A

1 Gamete Cell = 46 Chromosomes / 23 Pairs
In Each Pair There Is One Chromosome Inherited From Mother & One From Father

33
Q

Genome Def.

A

Entire Genetic Material Of An Organism

34
Q

Genetic Mutation Def.

A

DNA Changes - Alters Instructions

35
Q

Gene Def.

A

Sections Of DNA In A Chromosome

36
Q

Allele Def.

A

Variations Of Given Gene

37
Q

Homozygous Def.

A

Two Identical Alleles

38
Q

Heterozygous Def.

A

Two Different Alleles

39
Q

Genotype Def.

A

Genetic Make Up Of An Individual Orgainism

40
Q

Phenotype Def.

A

Observable Characteristics Of An Individual, E.g: Eye Colour / Petal Colour

41
Q

Dominant Def.

A

The Allele That Is Always Expressed In A Phenotype

42
Q

Recessive Def.

A

An Allele That Shows Up In The Phenotype Only When It Is Heterozygous

43
Q

Polydactyl Disorder Def.

A

Having Too Many Fingers / Toes, Inherited By Parent With Dominant Gene

44
Q

Cystic Fibrosis Disorder Def.

A

Breathing Condition, Causes Mucus Build Up In Lungs, Must Have Two Parents With / Carrying Condition As The Allele Is Recessive

45
Q

Embryo Screening Def.

A

Observing Embryo In Uterus To Check For Any Mutations Or Medical Disorders

46
Q

(Genetic) Variation Def.

A

The Phenotype Of An Organism Is Determined By A Combination Of It’s Genotype & How It Interacts With It’s Environment

47
Q

How Do Mutations Happen? (Origin)

A

All Genetic Variations In A Population Originate From Past Mutations (Changes In DNA) - Benefits Survival Chances Of An Organism

(AQA) GCSE Combined Science Paper 2’s (3 decks)

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