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Biology Final > biology > Flashcards

biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_____ shuffles the genes to produce new combinations

A

sexual reproduction

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2
Q

What’s the purpose of sexual reproduction

A

to produce offspring that’s genetically different of the parents and other siblings

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3
Q

What happens during the process of sexual reproduction

A

2 sets of chromosomes unite to produce a diploid cell

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4
Q

what’s the different between a hapolid and a diploid?

A

Hapolid- the organism as one set of chromosomes
diploid- the organism has 2 sets of chromosomes

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5
Q

What 2 things does meiosis allow

A

allows the production of 4 haploid cells from a diploid cell and allows for genetic variation in the production of the haploid cells

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6
Q

What’s the advantage and disadvantage of being diploid

A

Advantage- deleterious genes can be masked if they’re recessive
disadvantage- with more chromosomes to manage, increase the likelihood that something will go wrong

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7
Q

What’s the advantage and disadvantage of being haploid

A

Advantage- it’s easier to reproduce
Disadvantage- all genes are expressed, what you see is what you get

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8
Q

What disease is it when they have an extra #21 chromosome

A

down syndrome

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9
Q

What’s the purpose of meiosis 1

A

to take a diploid cell with double stranded chromosomes and produce two haploid cells with double stranded chromosomes and to achieve genetic diversity.

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10
Q

What’s the purpose of meiosis 2

A

It purpose is to separate double stranded chromosomes into single stranded chromosomes.

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11
Q

what are Homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes that have the genes in the same order

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12
Q

What happens in interphase

A

G1, S, G2. Dna has been replicated

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13
Q

What law is this “if an organism is heterozygous for 2 genes (AaBb) found on 2 different chromosomes, then those genes will assort independent of one another in the process of meiosis in the formation of gametes-“

A

Mendel’s law of independent assortment

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14
Q

What’s a dihybrid cross

A

2 different genes affecting 2 different traits

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15
Q

What law is it, “In heterozygotes, if two different genes are on two different chromosomes, they will assort independent of one another in the formation of gametes.”

A

Mendel’s 2nd law of independence assortment

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16
Q

What is it when some traits are controlled by more than one gene and what are some examples?

A

polygenetic, an example is height and skin color

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17
Q

What chromosome are the sex linked traits always found on

A

on the X chromosomes

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18
Q

What are pedigrees

A

a visual way to trace an inherited trait through generations

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19
Q

what is a nonliving particle that has the ability to be replicated once inside a host cell

A

a virus

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20
Q

what are Viruses that invade prokaryotes called

A

bacteriophages

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21
Q

Viruses are composed of a protein coat called a _____

A

capsid

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22
Q

What can the nuclei acid found in a virus be

A

It can be RNA or DNA and it can be double stranded or single stranded

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23
Q

Once the virus replicates it must then exit the cell by usually lysing the cell. This is called the ______

A

lytic cycle

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24
Q

What are the three common strategies for the lytic cycle based on the type of nucleic acid it contains.

A
  1. DNA virus
  2. RNA virus
  3. Retro virus
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25
Q

What cell is first to evolve

A

prokaryotes

26
Q

what Make their own food

A

autotrophs

27
Q

do photosynthesis and make their own food from CO2 + H2O uses light energy.

A

photo autotrophs

28
Q

make their own food from CO2 + H2O uses chemical energy insead of light energy

A

chemotrophs

29
Q

what Cannot make their own food

A

heterotrophs

30
Q

What are the 2 prokaryotic domains

A

Domain Eubacteria and domain Arcbeabacteria

31
Q

solid core of protein with rotary motion. Made of flagellin.

A

flagella

32
Q

What 3 things are genetic variation achieved by

A

1) Conjugation
2) Transduction
3) Transformation

33
Q

change in species’ gene pool over time OR a change the allelic frequency of a species’ gene pool.

A

evolution

34
Q

when are the cells genetically identical or clones of one another?

A

end of meiosis 2

35
Q

when is asexual reproduction an advantage over sexual reproduction

A

it’s an advantage bc the population can increase faster

36
Q

why are viruses not considered living organisms

A

they don’t have their own metabolism

37
Q

why do viruses need host cells

A

to replicate and reproduce

38
Q

how are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells

A

cells don’t have a nucleus

39
Q

how do prokaryotic cells reproduce

A

binary fission

40
Q

What are the 2 ways restriction enzymes cut various pieces of DNA

A

staggered or smooth cuts

41
Q

What causes the DNA to move in the dna gel

A

electric currents

42
Q

What’s the equation for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and what does P and Q stand for.

A

p2 + 2pq + q2=1
P: dominant homozygous frequency
Q: recessive homozygous frequency

43
Q

What’s the hierarchy for classification and the order it goes in?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

44
Q

What could have more species in it, an order or a class? Why?

A

class because it has a wider range

45
Q

give an example of a homologous structure and an analogous structure

A

homologous- hand of human
analogous- wing of a bat

46
Q

What are the four kingdoms in the domain eukarya

A

Protista, plantae, animalia, fungi

47
Q

Why is a horse and donkey considered to be a different species

A

they produce fertile offspring

48
Q

Explain how animals digest their food

A

they digest their food by using the gastrovascular cavity. In the GV, digestive enzymes break up the food to be absorbed by diffusion

49
Q

what brings blood to heart

A

vein

50
Q

what takes blood from heart

A

artery

51
Q

what connects arteries and veins

A

capillary bed

52
Q

what chamber receives blood

A

atrium

53
Q

what pumps away blood from heart

A

ventricle

54
Q

what puts blood to lungs

A

pulmonary circulation

55
Q

what delivered oxygen to body

A

systemic circulation

56
Q

explain how plants obtain nitrogen and how does handle nitrogenous waste?

A

plants get nitrogen through roots and they recycle nitrogen so no waste

57
Q

how do hydra and flatworms handle metabolic wastes?

A

They use their gastrovascular cavity and simple diffusion

58
Q

what’s the waste excreted in an earthworm

A

nitrogenous waste

59
Q

where does nitrogenous waste exit the animal

A

side peres

60
Q

how does a grasshopper handle nitrogenous wastes

A

by malpighian tubules removing nitrogenous waste from body

Biology Final (1 decks)

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