biology

Question 1

_____ shuffles the genes to produce new combinations

Answer 1

sexual reproduction

Question 2

What’s the purpose of sexual reproduction

Answer 2

to produce offspring that’s genetically different of the parents and other siblings

Question 3

What happens during the process of sexual reproduction

Answer 3

2 sets of chromosomes unite to produce a diploid cell

Question 4

what’s the different between a hapolid and a diploid?

Answer 4

Hapolid- the organism as one set of chromosomes
diploid- the organism has 2 sets of chromosomes

Question 5

What 2 things does meiosis allow

Answer 5

allows the production of 4 haploid cells from a diploid cell and allows for genetic variation in the production of the haploid cells

Question 6

What’s the advantage and disadvantage of being diploid

Answer 6

Advantage- deleterious genes can be masked if they’re recessive
disadvantage- with more chromosomes to manage, increase the likelihood that something will go wrong

Question 7

What’s the advantage and disadvantage of being haploid

Answer 7

Advantage- it’s easier to reproduce
Disadvantage- all genes are expressed, what you see is what you get

Question 8

What disease is it when they have an extra #21 chromosome

Answer 8

down syndrome

Question 9

What’s the purpose of meiosis 1

Answer 9

to take a diploid cell with double stranded chromosomes and produce two haploid cells with double stranded chromosomes and to achieve genetic diversity.

Question 10

What’s the purpose of meiosis 2

Answer 10

It purpose is to separate double stranded chromosomes into single stranded chromosomes.

Question 11

what are Homologous chromosomes

Answer 11

chromosomes that have the genes in the same order

Question 12

What happens in interphase

Answer 12

G1, S, G2. Dna has been replicated

Question 13

What law is this “if an organism is heterozygous for 2 genes (AaBb) found on 2 different chromosomes, then those genes will assort independent of one another in the process of meiosis in the formation of gametes-“

Answer 13

Mendel’s law of independent assortment

Question 14

What’s a dihybrid cross

Answer 14

2 different genes affecting 2 different traits

Question 15

What law is it, “In heterozygotes, if two different genes are on two different chromosomes, they will assort independent of one another in the formation of gametes.”

Answer 15

Mendel’s 2nd law of independence assortment

Question 16

What is it when some traits are controlled by more than one gene and what are some examples?

Answer 16

polygenetic, an example is height and skin color

Question 17

What chromosome are the sex linked traits always found on

Answer 17

on the X chromosomes

Question 18

What are pedigrees

Answer 18

a visual way to trace an inherited trait through generations

Question 19

what is a nonliving particle that has the ability to be replicated once inside a host cell

Answer 19

a virus

Question 20

what are Viruses that invade prokaryotes called

Answer 20

bacteriophages

Question 21

Viruses are composed of a protein coat called a _____

Answer 21

capsid

Question 22

What can the nuclei acid found in a virus be

Answer 22

It can be RNA or DNA and it can be double stranded or single stranded

Question 23

Once the virus replicates it must then exit the cell by usually lysing the cell. This is called the ______

Answer 23

lytic cycle

Question 24

What are the three common strategies for the lytic cycle based on the type of nucleic acid it contains.

Answer 24

1. DNA virus
2. RNA virus
3. Retro virus

Question 25

What cell is first to evolve

Answer 25

prokaryotes

Question 26

what Make their own food

Answer 26

autotrophs

Question 27

do photosynthesis and make their own food from CO2 + H2O uses light energy.

Answer 27

photo autotrophs

Question 28

make their own food from CO2 + H2O uses chemical energy insead of light energy

Answer 28

chemotrophs

Question 29

what Cannot make their own food

Answer 29

heterotrophs

Question 30

What are the 2 prokaryotic domains

Answer 30

Domain Eubacteria and domain Arcbeabacteria

Question 31

solid core of protein with rotary motion. Made of flagellin.

Answer 31

flagella

Question 32

What 3 things are genetic variation achieved by

Answer 32

1) Conjugation 2) Transduction 3) Transformation

Question 33

change in species’ gene pool over time OR a change the allelic frequency of a species’ gene pool.

Answer 33

evolution

Question 34

when are the cells genetically identical or clones of one another?

Answer 34

end of meiosis 2

Question 35

when is asexual reproduction an advantage over sexual reproduction

Answer 35

it’s an advantage bc the population can increase faster

Question 36

why are viruses not considered living organisms

Answer 36

they don’t have their own metabolism

Question 37

why do viruses need host cells

Answer 37

to replicate and reproduce

Question 38

how are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells

Answer 38

cells don’t have a nucleus

Question 39

how do prokaryotic cells reproduce

Answer 39

binary fission

Question 40

What are the 2 ways restriction enzymes cut various pieces of DNA

Answer 40

staggered or smooth cuts

Question 41

What causes the DNA to move in the dna gel

Answer 41

electric currents

Question 42

What’s the equation for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and what does P and Q stand for.

Answer 42

p2 + 2pq + q2=1 P: dominant homozygous frequency Q: recessive homozygous frequency

Question 43

What’s the hierarchy for classification and the order it goes in?

Answer 43

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 44

What could have more species in it, an order or a class? Why?

Answer 44

class because it has a wider range

Question 45

give an example of a homologous structure and an analogous structure

Answer 45

homologous- hand of human analogous- wing of a bat

Question 46

What are the four kingdoms in the domain eukarya

Answer 46

Protista, plantae, animalia, fungi

Question 47

Why is a horse and donkey considered to be a different species

Answer 47

they produce fertile offspring

Question 48

Explain how animals digest their food

Answer 48

they digest their food by using the gastrovascular cavity. In the GV, digestive enzymes break up the food to be absorbed by diffusion

Question 49

what brings blood to heart

Answer 49

vein

Question 50

what takes blood from heart

Answer 50

artery

Question 51

what connects arteries and veins

Answer 51

capillary bed

Question 52

what chamber receives blood

Answer 52

atrium

Question 53

what pumps away blood from heart

Answer 53

ventricle

Question 54

what puts blood to lungs

Answer 54

pulmonary circulation

Question 55

what delivered oxygen to body

Answer 55

systemic circulation

Question 56

explain how plants obtain nitrogen and how does handle nitrogenous waste?

Answer 56

plants get nitrogen through roots and they recycle nitrogen so no waste

Question 57

how do hydra and flatworms handle metabolic wastes?

Answer 57

They use their gastrovascular cavity and simple diffusion

Question 58

what’s the waste excreted in an earthworm

Answer 58

nitrogenous waste

Question 59

where does nitrogenous waste exit the animal

Answer 59

side peres

Question 60

how does a grasshopper handle nitrogenous wastes

Answer 60

by malpighian tubules removing nitrogenous waste from body