Biology

Question 1

Cell Theory

Answer 1

1. All living organisms are made up of cells
2. Cells are the basic functional unit of life
3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells
4. Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. Genetic material is passed to daughter cells

Question 2

What are histones?

Answer 2

Proteins which linear DNA is wound around

Question 3

Where is rRNA synthesized?

Answer 3

Nucleolus

Question 4

Mitochondria membranes

Answer 4

Outer membrane: Barrier between cytosol and inner environment of mitochondria
Inner membrane: Arranged into numerous foldings (cristae), contains molecules and enzymes for electron transport chain.

Question 5

Intermembrane space

Answer 5

Space between the two membranes

Question 6

Matrix

Answer 6

Space inside inner membrane

Question 7

Apoptosis

Answer 7

Programmed cell death. Can happen when enzymes are released from electron transport chain, or autolysis in lysosomes

Question 8

Lysosome

Answer 8

Break down many different substrates, contain hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of doing so

Question 9

Autolysis

Answer 9

When lysosomes release their enzymes

Question 10

Rough ER

Answer 10

Studded with ribosomes to permit protein translation destined for secretion in its lumen

Question 11

Smooth ER

Answer 11

Utilized for lipid synthesis, detoxification for certain drugs

Question 12

Golgi apparatus

Answer 12

Proteins are modified in here and then transported in vesicles to their final location
If destined for secretion, secretory vesicle merges with cell membrane and contents are released via exocytosis.

Question 13

Peroxisomes

Answer 13

Contain hydrogen peroxide. Contribute to breakdown of fatty acid chains via beta-oxidation. Participate in synthesis of phospholipids

Question 14

Cytoskeleton

Answer 14

Provide structure to cell, help it maintain shape. Provides channel for transport of molecules throughout cell

Question 15

Microfilaments

Answer 15

Made up of solid polymerized rods of actin.
Organized into bundles, resistant to compression so it provides cell protection.
Uses ATP to generate force for movement by interacting with myosin.

Question 16

Microtubules

Answer 16

Hollow polymers of tubulin proteins. Provide pathways along which motor proteins like kinesis and dyne carry vesicles

Question 17

Cilia

Answer 17

Projections of cell that are primarily involved with movement of material along cell surface

Question 18

Flagella

Answer 18

Involved with movement of cell itself

Question 19

Parenchyma

Answer 19

Functional parts of organ. In most organs, epithelial cells constitute this.

Question 20

Chemotaxis

Answer 20

Ability of cell to detect chemical stimuli, and move toward/away from it

Question 21

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 21

Covers surface of body, so provides protection against pathogens. Highly diverse, constitutes parenchyma in most organs, and is polarized (one side faces lumen, other interacts with cells)

Question 22

Connective Tissue

Answer 22

supportive body, provides framework for epithelial cells to carry out their function