biology Flashcards

Question

Apoptosis

Answer 1

Is the natural and controlled death of cells within our body which plays an important role in our development and day to day lives

Answer 2

1) Caspases are activated in the cell 2) Digestion of cell contents 3) Cell shrinks 4) Membrane bulging and breakage

Answer 3

The mitochondria detect internal DNA damage, and release cytochrome C

Answer 4

Caspases cleave and intracellular proteins, which leads to the breakdown of organelles

Answer 5

The cell and nucleus shrink as intracellular material is broken

Answer 6

as the cytoskeleton is digested, the structural integrity of the cell is weakened. The membrane warps and detaches from the cell in membrane-enclosed vesicles known as apoptotic bodies which contain the broken down intracellular material.

Answer 7

When the rate of apoptosis is decreased, cell growth increases resulting in tumours. When the rate of apoptosis increases neurological disorders can from.

Answer 8

Necrosis is the unregulated death of cells initiated by significant damage which causes the cell to swell, burst, and release cell contents into the surrounding environment. This may lead to inflammation and damage in nearby cells and tissues.

Answer 9

embryonic tissues, fetal tissues, adult tissues and differentiated somatic cells

Answer 10

the commitment to searching for knowledge and understanding and the honest reporting of all sources of information and communication of results, whether favourable or unfavourable, in ways that permit scrutiny and contribute to public knowledge and understanding.

Answer 11

the moral obligation to ensure that there is fair consideration of competing claims; that there is no unfair burden on a particular group from an action; and that there is fair distribution and access to the benefits of an action.

Answer 12

the commitment to maximising benefits and minimising the risks and harms involved in taking a particular position or course of action.

Answer 13

involves avoiding the causations of harm. However, as positions or courses of actions in scientific research may involve some degree of harm, the concept of non-maleficence implies that the harm resulting from any position or course of action should not be disproportionate to the benefits from any position or course of action.

Answer 14

involves consideration of the extent to which living things have an intrinsic value and/or instrumental value; giving due regard to the welfare, liberty and autonomy, beliefs, perceptions, customs and cultural heritage of both the individual and the collective; consideration of the capacity of living things to make their own decisions; and when living things have diminished capacity to make their own decisions ensuring that they are empowered where possible and protected as necessary.

Answer 15

Integrity Justice Beneficence Non-maleficence Respect

Answer 16

anyone who is invested in the process, or affected by it e.g the scientists working on the treatment, politicians who might create ‘rules’ or guidelines around its use, the Catholic church who might disagree with the creation of stem cells.

Answer 17

Helicase ‘unzips’ the DNA strand, DNA polymerase assemble or ‘rebuild’ the DNA strands, ligase ‘glues’ them together.

Answer 18

Society will have concerns about a range of things, think of how controversial things like COVID vaccinations and lockdowns were. They were designed to protect people with the best intentions in mind, but it wasn’t necessarily supported. Stem cell usage will possibly be the same where people will be happy for the treatment which may help people, but worried about what could also happen if people are able to create stem cells which can turn into anything, but they are not regulated.