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Year 10 Final Exam (Terms Revision) > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

Basic Unit of Life

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2
Q

Tissue

A

Group of same typed cells

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3
Q

Organ

A

Tissue of Same function

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4
Q

System (Body)

A

Group of organs working togther

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5
Q

Functions of cells

A

Respond to stimuli; coordinator; intake nutrients; breakdown nutrients; change molecules into useful forms; process and expel waste; ensure a stable environment in their cell

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6
Q

Organelles

A

Small structures that carry out specific functions to sustain a cell

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7
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Cell with nucleus

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8
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Cell without nucleus

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9
Q

Parts of a eukaryotic animal cell

A

Vesicle, Mitochondria, Membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes

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10
Q

Parts of a eukaryotic plant cell

A

Nucleus, Ribosomes, Membrane, Cell wall, chloroplast, mitochondria, cytoplasm, vacuole

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11
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls actions occurring in the cell; contains DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where respiration occurs; releases energy

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13
Q

Membrane

A

Permeable; like a gate

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where most chemical reactions occur

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15
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein production

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16
Q

Vesicle

A

Contains different substances; needs to be transported

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17
Q

Cell Wall

A

Gives plants shape and structure

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18
Q

Vacuoles

A

Store substances

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19
Q

Chloroplast

A

Contain green pigment called chlorophyll for photosynthesis

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20
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

The NET movement of molecules moving from a high-concentration area to a low-concentration area

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21
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

The difference in the concentration of a substance (generally solute) between two areas

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22
Q

When concentration becomes zero…

A

…net diffusion stops (but the molecules continue moving)

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23
Q

Factors that affect the rate of diffusion

A

Temperature; Concentration Gradient; Surface Area (Characteristics of cell); Distance to cross; Pressure Difference;

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24
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of solute molecules from higher concentration to a lower concentration of solution through a semipermeable membrane

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25
Q

Solute

A

The minor substance to be dissolved

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26
Q

Solvent

A

The major substance which will dissolve the solute

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27
Q

Lysed

A

To burst; describing animal cell of hypotonic solution

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28
Q

Turgid

A

Normal, but the structure is more supported/rigid; Describing plant cell of hypotonic solution

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29
Q

Hypotonic

A

High solvent, low solute solution (Swelling)

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30
Q

Isotonic

A

Same ratio of solute and solvent; osmosis is still occurring but the net concentration is not changing (Stable)

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31
Q

Flaccid

A

Regular but not plump; describing plant cell of isotonic solution

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32
Q

Shrivelled

A

Describing Animal cell of hypertonic solution

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33
Q

Hypertonic

A

High solute, low solvent solution (Shrinking)

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34
Q

Plasmolysed

A

Wilting; describing animal cell of hypertonic solution

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35
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Uses a protein channel to transport larger and charged substances down its concentration gradient (Eg. Chlorine ions moving into cells)

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36
Q

Methods of Passive Transport (Not requiring energy)

A

Simple Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion

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37
Q

Active Transport

A

The use of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate, cellular energy) as a protein carrier to transport substances against the concentration gradient (low-concentration to high-concentration)

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38
Q

Endocytosis

A

Cells use endocytosis to transport large molecules into the cell using vesicles invaginated from the membrane (Eg. White blood cells (phagocytes) endocytose pathogens to kill them)

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39
Q

Exocytosis

A

Cells use exocytosis to transport large molecules out of the cell using vesicles, which afterwards refuse into the cell membrane (Eg. White blood cells exocytose waste materials)

40
Q

Lysesome

A

Enzyme that breaks down substances (in white blood cells (phagocytes))

41
Q

Macrophage

A

Phagocytes; a type of white blood cell; second line of defense

42
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The chemical reaction in which plants make glucose (which is then used for respiration)

43
Q

Word equation of photosynthesis

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ Light + Chlorophyll) –> Glucose + Oxygen
(Light energy is converted to chemical energy stored inside glucose)

44
Q

Chemical equation of photosynthesis

A

6CO₂ + 6H₂O (+ Light energy + Chlorophyll) –> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

45
Q

Starch

A

Excess glucose produced due to high rates of photosynthesis that is stored as starch

46
Q

Use of Diffusion in plants

A

Carbon Dioxide for photosynthesis enters and oxygen from from respiration exits the plant via diffusion

47
Q

Use of Osmosis in plants

A

Water enters via osmosis

48
Q

Use of Active Transport in plants

A

Minerals enter via active transport

49
Q

Respiration (Plants)

A

The chemical reaction in which the plants use atmospheric oxygen for oxidising glucose and other respiratory substrates like proteins, fats, etc

50
Q

Chemical Equation of Aerobic Respiration

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ –> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O (+ energy)

51
Q

Is the rate of photosynthesis or of respiration higher?

A

Rate of photosynthesis is much higher

52
Q

Area of photosynthesis reaction

A

Chloroplast

53
Q

Area of plant respiration reaction

A

Roots (though water from respiration is released through leaves)

54
Q

Waxy Cuticle

A

Wax covering. Prevents water loss; protects leaf during rain

55
Q

Upper Epidermis

A

Single layer of cells. Regulates gas exchange; tissue contains epidermis cells, which do not have chloroplasts

56
Q

Palisade Mesophyll (Tissue)

A

Tissue; made of palisade cells. which has the most chloroplasts and chlorophyll. Palisade cells move closer to bright lights.

57
Q

Spongy Mesophyll (Tissue)

A

Tissue; contains cells that also contain chloroplasts, contains air pockets that allow gas to diffuse in and out of cells.

58
Q

Lower Epidermis

A

Similar to upper epidermis, but contains more stomata.

59
Q

Xylem

A

Tubes that carry water and minerals.

60
Q

Phloem

A

Tubes that carries sugars and starch around the plant.

61
Q

Stomata (Pl.) | Stoma (Sg.)

A

Small openings where carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse in and out of the cell. (More present on the underside of the leaf to prevent water loss from evaporation caused by sunlight; also more stoma = increased water loss)

62
Q

Guard Cells (Plants)

A

Controls the opening and closing of the stomata.

63
Q

Flower

A

Reproductive organ; can also include seeds or fruit

64
Q

Stem

A

Facilitates transport of substances between plant organs

65
Q

Roots

A

Absorbs minerals and water via active transport; stores nutrients

66
Q

Factors leading to an increase in starch

A

Concentration of CO2, amount of water available, light exposure, colour of leaves (pigmentation, chlorophyll)

67
Q

Why is water important in plants?

A

Solvent to transport dissolved minerals around the plant; keeps plant turgid and upright; produces glucose for energy; stabilises plant temperate (cools down); substances for chemical reactions

68
Q

Tap root

A

A large, central, and dominant root from which other roots sprout laterally; provides deep anchorage

69
Q

Prop root

A

Modified to give support to the plant

70
Q

Essential Minerals for plants (~ 20 total, list some)

A

Potassium ions, nitrates, magnesium, calcium ions

71
Q

Potassium ion in plants

A

For enzymes to work and photosynthesis to work properly

72
Q

Nitrates in plants

A

For making proteins

73
Q

Magnesium in plants

A

For making chlorophyll

74
Q

Calcium ions in plants

A

For healthy cells and enzymes

75
Q

Carnivorous plants

A

Lives in areas with lacking nutrients; use dew drops to stick to insects, have sweet smells to trap insects.

76
Q

Vascular Bundle

A

Conducting vessel of plant; made up of xylem (transports water and minerals up) and phloem (transports nutrients; esp. sucrose up and down)

77
Q

Cohesion-Tension Theory

A

Explains how water can travel upwards against gravity in a plant. Transpiration is believed to play a large factor in this, where there is low pressure from water evaporation + cohesive water travels upwards in a continuous column replacing water lost; due to opposite charges, adhesive water molecules stick to the walls of the xylem tube, helping the water move upwards.

78
Q

Transpiration

A

The evaporation of water in plants through leaves; happens when stomata open for diffusion during photosynthesis.

79
Q

Capillary Action

A

The difference in water levels/pressure causes the xylem tubes to pump up water to the leaves.

80
Q

Cohesive + Adhesive Water Properties

A

Cohesive Property: Water likes to stick to itself
Adhesive Property: Water likes to stick to other things

81
Q

Is transpiration beneficial?

A

Yes, evaporation is beneficial if the right amount is evaporated, yet too much can cause its cells to plasmolyse.

82
Q

Transpiration Benefits

A

Cools leaf, supplies dissolved sucrose and minerals to cells; keeps plant cells turgid.

83
Q

Factors affecting rate of transpiration

A

Wind: Causes air around leaf to be drier, which causes water vapour to diffuse out of stomata quicker.
Humidity: More water vapour around the leaf. Water diffuses out of stomata slowly.
LIght Intensity: LIght causes stomata to open for photosynthesis. Water escapes as stomata are open>
Temperature: Increase in temperature will cause water molecules to gain kinetic energy. Increases ease of evapouration.

84
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Chemical Process of releasing energy for cells to function using glucose and oxygen. Glucose molecules are completely broken down into ATP.

85
Q

Respiration (gen.)

A

The release of energy from the breakdown of glucose (and other sugars) to produce ATP. It can be aerobic or anaerobic. ALl living organisms respire.

86
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Happens when there is not enough oxygen; the process does not require oxygen, but less energy is released; occurs in the cytoplasm of cells in the absence of oxygen

87
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Animal-based respiration. Breaks down sugars to produce energy in the form of ATP, and creates lactic acid as a byproduct, buildup of which can cause muscle fatigue and soreness.

88
Q

Alcohol Fermentation

A

Plant and yeast-based respiration. Glucose is partially oxidised to form acids and alcohol.

89
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation Chemical Equation

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ –> 2C₃H₆O₃ (+ ATP)

89
Q

Limiting Factor

A

The rate of any reaction is limited by the reactants that are in the shortest supply.

89
Q

Alcohol Fermentation Chemical Equation

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ –> 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂ (+ ATP)

90
Q

Parts of a prokaryotic bacterial cell

A

Cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasmid, capsule, cell wall, pili, cell membrane, nucleoid region, flagellum

91
Q

Plasmid

A

Additional DNA for antibiotic resistance

92
Q

Pilli (Pl.) | Pillus (Sg.)

A

Tiny hairs; help cell attach to surfaces

93
Q

Nucleoid Region

A

Equivalent of nucleus; DNA is stored here

94
Q

Flagellum (Sg.) | Flagella (Pl.)

A

Aka tail; helps propel

Year 10 Final Exam (Terms Revision) (4 decks)

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