Biology Flashcards
1
Q
Cells
A
Basic Unit of Life
2
Q
Tissue
A
Group of same typed cells
3
Q
Organ
A
Tissue of Same function
4
Q
System (Body)
A
Group of organs working togther
5
Q
Functions of cells
A
Respond to stimuli; coordinator; intake nutrients; breakdown nutrients; change molecules into useful forms; process and expel waste; ensure a stable environment in their cell
6
Q
Organelles
A
Small structures that carry out specific functions to sustain a cell
7
Q
Eukaryotic
A
Cell with nucleus
8
Q
Prokaryotic
A
Cell without nucleus
9
Q
Parts of a eukaryotic animal cell
A
Vesicle, Mitochondria, Membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes
10
Q
Parts of a eukaryotic plant cell
A
Nucleus, Ribosomes, Membrane, Cell wall, chloroplast, mitochondria, cytoplasm, vacuole
11
Q
Nucleus
A
Controls actions occurring in the cell; contains DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
12
Q
Mitochondria
A
Where respiration occurs; releases energy
13
Q
Membrane
A
Permeable; like a gate
14
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Where most chemical reactions occur
15
Q
Ribosomes
A
Site of protein production
16
Q
Vesicle
A
Contains different substances; needs to be transported
17
Q
Cell Wall
A
Gives plants shape and structure
18
Q
Vacuoles
A
Store substances
19
Q
Chloroplast
A
Contain green pigment called chlorophyll for photosynthesis
20
Q
Simple Diffusion
A
The NET movement of molecules moving from a high-concentration area to a low-concentration area
21
Q
Concentration Gradient
A
The difference in the concentration of a substance (generally solute) between two areas
22
Q
When concentration becomes zero…
A
…net diffusion stops (but the molecules continue moving)
23
Q
Factors that affect the rate of diffusion
A
Temperature; Concentration Gradient; Surface Area (Characteristics of cell); Distance to cross; Pressure Difference;
24
Q
Osmosis
A
Movement of solute molecules from higher concentration to a lower concentration of solution through a semipermeable membrane
25
Solute
The minor substance to be dissolved
26
Solvent
The major substance which will dissolve the solute
27
Lysed
To burst; describing animal cell of hypotonic solution
28
Turgid
Normal, but the structure is more supported/rigid; Describing plant cell of hypotonic solution
29
Hypotonic
High solvent, low solute solution (Swelling)
30
Isotonic
Same ratio of solute and solvent; osmosis is still occurring but the net concentration is not changing (Stable)
31
Flaccid
Regular but not plump; describing plant cell of isotonic solution
32
Shrivelled
Describing Animal cell of hypertonic solution
33
Hypertonic
High solute, low solvent solution (Shrinking)
34
Plasmolysed
Wilting; describing animal cell of hypertonic solution
35
Facilitated Diffusion
Uses a protein channel to transport larger and charged substances down its concentration gradient (Eg. Chlorine ions moving into cells)
36
Methods of Passive Transport (Not requiring energy)
Simple Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion
37
Active Transport
The use of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate, cellular energy) as a protein carrier to transport substances against the concentration gradient (low-concentration to high-concentration)
38
Endocytosis
Cells use endocytosis to transport large molecules into the cell using vesicles invaginated from the membrane (Eg. White blood cells (phagocytes) endocytose pathogens to kill them)
39
Exocytosis
Cells use exocytosis to transport large molecules out of the cell using vesicles, which afterwards refuse into the cell membrane (Eg. White blood cells exocytose waste materials)
40
Lysesome
Enzyme that breaks down substances (in white blood cells (phagocytes))
41
Macrophage
Phagocytes; a type of white blood cell; second line of defense
42
Photosynthesis
The chemical reaction in which plants make glucose (which is then used for respiration)
43
Word equation of photosynthesis
Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ Light + Chlorophyll) --> Glucose + Oxygen
(Light energy is converted to chemical energy stored inside glucose)
44
Chemical equation of photosynthesis
6CO₂ + 6H₂O (+ Light energy + Chlorophyll) --> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
45
Starch
Excess glucose produced due to high rates of photosynthesis that is stored as starch
46
Use of Diffusion in plants
Carbon Dioxide for photosynthesis enters and oxygen from from respiration exits the plant via diffusion
47
Use of Osmosis in plants
Water enters via osmosis
48
Use of Active Transport in plants
Minerals enter via active transport
49
Respiration (Plants)
The chemical reaction in which the plants use atmospheric oxygen for oxidising glucose and other respiratory substrates like proteins, fats, etc
50
Chemical Equation of Aerobic Respiration
C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ --> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O (+ energy)
51
Is the rate of photosynthesis or of respiration higher?
Rate of photosynthesis is much higher
52
Area of photosynthesis reaction
Chloroplast
53
Area of plant respiration reaction
Roots (though water from respiration is released through leaves)
54
Waxy Cuticle
Wax covering. Prevents water loss; protects leaf during rain
55
Upper Epidermis
Single layer of cells. Regulates gas exchange; tissue contains epidermis cells, which do not have chloroplasts
56
Palisade Mesophyll (Tissue)
Tissue; made of palisade cells. which has the most chloroplasts and chlorophyll. Palisade cells move closer to bright lights.
57
Spongy Mesophyll (Tissue)
Tissue; contains cells that also contain chloroplasts, contains air pockets that allow gas to diffuse in and out of cells.
58
Lower Epidermis
Similar to upper epidermis, but contains more stomata.
59
Xylem
Tubes that carry water and minerals.
60
Phloem
Tubes that carries sugars and starch around the plant.
61
Stomata (Pl.) | Stoma (Sg.)
Small openings where carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse in and out of the cell. (More present on the underside of the leaf to prevent water loss from evaporation caused by sunlight; also more stoma = increased water loss)
62
Guard Cells (Plants)
Controls the opening and closing of the stomata.
63
Flower
Reproductive organ; can also include seeds or fruit
64
Stem
Facilitates transport of substances between plant organs
65
Roots
Absorbs minerals and water via active transport; stores nutrients
66
Factors leading to an increase in starch
Concentration of CO2, amount of water available, light exposure, colour of leaves (pigmentation, chlorophyll)
67
Why is water important in plants?
Solvent to transport dissolved minerals around the plant; keeps plant turgid and upright; produces glucose for energy; stabilises plant temperate (cools down); substances for chemical reactions
68
Tap root
A large, central, and dominant root from which other roots sprout laterally; provides deep anchorage
69
Prop root
Modified to give support to the plant
70
Essential Minerals for plants (~ 20 total, list some)
Potassium ions, nitrates, magnesium, calcium ions
71
Potassium ion in plants
For enzymes to work and photosynthesis to work properly
72
Nitrates in plants
For making proteins
73
Magnesium in plants
For making chlorophyll
74
Calcium ions in plants
For healthy cells and enzymes
75
Carnivorous plants
Lives in areas with lacking nutrients; use dew drops to stick to insects, have sweet smells to trap insects.
76
Vascular Bundle
Conducting vessel of plant; made up of xylem (transports water and minerals up) and phloem (transports nutrients; esp. sucrose up and down)
77
Cohesion-Tension Theory
Explains how water can travel upwards against gravity in a plant. Transpiration is believed to play a large factor in this, where there is low pressure from water evaporation + cohesive water travels upwards in a continuous column replacing water lost; due to opposite charges, adhesive water molecules stick to the walls of the xylem tube, helping the water move upwards.
78
Transpiration
The evaporation of water in plants through leaves; happens when stomata open for diffusion during photosynthesis.
79
Capillary Action
The difference in water levels/pressure causes the xylem tubes to pump up water to the leaves.
80
Cohesive + Adhesive Water Properties
Cohesive Property: Water likes to stick to itself
Adhesive Property: Water likes to stick to other things
81
Is transpiration beneficial?
Yes, evaporation is beneficial if the right amount is evaporated, yet too much can cause its cells to plasmolyse.
82
Transpiration Benefits
Cools leaf, supplies dissolved sucrose and minerals to cells; keeps plant cells turgid.
83
Factors affecting rate of transpiration
Wind: Causes air around leaf to be drier, which causes water vapour to diffuse out of stomata quicker.
Humidity: More water vapour around the leaf. Water diffuses out of stomata slowly.
LIght Intensity: LIght causes stomata to open for photosynthesis. Water escapes as stomata are open>
Temperature: Increase in temperature will cause water molecules to gain kinetic energy. Increases ease of evapouration.
84
Aerobic Respiration
Chemical Process of releasing energy for cells to function using glucose and oxygen. Glucose molecules are completely broken down into ATP.
85
Respiration (gen.)
The release of energy from the breakdown of glucose (and other sugars) to produce ATP. It can be aerobic or anaerobic. ALl living organisms respire.
86
Anaerobic Respiration
Happens when there is not enough oxygen; the process does not require oxygen, but less energy is released; occurs in the cytoplasm of cells in the absence of oxygen
87
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Animal-based respiration. Breaks down sugars to produce energy in the form of ATP, and creates lactic acid as a byproduct, buildup of which can cause muscle fatigue and soreness.
88
Alcohol Fermentation
Plant and yeast-based respiration. Glucose is partially oxidised to form acids and alcohol.
89
Lactic Acid Fermentation Chemical Equation
C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ --> 2C₃H₆O₃ (+ ATP)
89
Limiting Factor
The rate of any reaction is limited by the reactants that are in the shortest supply.
89
Alcohol Fermentation Chemical Equation
C₆H₁₂O₆ --> 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂ (+ ATP)
90
Parts of a prokaryotic bacterial cell
Cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasmid, capsule, cell wall, pili, cell membrane, nucleoid region, flagellum
91
Plasmid
Additional DNA for antibiotic resistance
92
Pilli (Pl.) | Pillus (Sg.)
Tiny hairs; help cell attach to surfaces
93
Nucleoid Region
Equivalent of nucleus; DNA is stored here
94
Flagellum (Sg.) | Flagella (Pl.)
Aka tail; helps propel
