Biology Flashcards
Are the remains of traces of an organism from the geologic past that has been preserved in sediment or rock.
Fossils
Longest subdivision; based on the abundance of certain fossils
Eons
Next to longest subdivision; marked by major changes in the fossil record
Eras
Based on types of life existing at the time
Periods
Shortest subdivision; marked by differences in life forms and can vary from continent to continent
Epochs
It is known as the age of invertebrates
Paleozoic Era
It is known as the age of reptiles
Mesozoic Era
It is known as the age of mammals
Cenozoic Era
It is believed that life begins because of living organism
Biogenesis
It is believed that life begins at non-living things.
Abiogenesis
An example of abiogenesis is?
Creation theory
The first life on earth
Microorganisms
It is known where life explodes
Cambrian Period
To study the function of an organ
Physiology
It is to understand the location of an organ
Anatomy
To cut to pieces of dead organisms
Dissection
Can plants be dissected
Yes
To help you understand the parts and function of an organism
Disection
It is used during dissection to prevent contamination to entering the mouth
Face Mask
Used in incision, it has a very thin razor attached to metallic or plastic
Scalpel
To open the organism widely and much safer
Scissors
It is used to clamp or hold the specimen
Forceps or thongs
It is used to pin the specimen in a dissecting tray
Wax
It is known as the back part of a frog
Dorsal
It is known as the front view of a frog
Ventral
It is where the air passes on a frog
External nares
It is used by frogs for hearing
Tympanum or tympanic membrane
It is where waste exits on a frog
Cloacal aperture
It is a tissue that connects the toes of a frog and is used for swimming
Web
If a frog is larger then its a?
Female
If a frog is smaller and has thicker and rough web then its
Male
Method of killing a frog before dissection
Pithing
The equipment used to kill a frog
Probe
is a thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest.
Diaphragm
Adjacent to the Surface of the lungs.
Visceral Pleura/Pulmonary Pleura
Adjacent to the inner thoracic wall and Diaphragm
Parietal Pleura
right and left branches of the trachea that enter the lung
Primary bronchi
branches of the primary that enter each lobe of the lungs
Secondary bronchi
more branches of the secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
smallest branches within the lungs
Bronchioles
microscopic branches of the bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
terminal air sacs where gas exchange takes place (anatomy resembles a bunch of grapes)
Alveoli
extends from the larynx toward the lungs.
Trachea
folds within the larynx that vibrate with expelled air
Vocal cords (vocal folds)
flap of elastic cartilage that guards the entrance into the larynx; when we are breathing the flap is open, when we swallow, the larynx is pulled upward
Epiglottis
forms the attachment to trachea
Cricoid cartilage
largest of the hyaline cartilages, protrudes anteriorly and is commonly called the Adam’s apple
Thyroid cartilage
helps regulate the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs.
Larynx
inferior region that connects to larynx
Laryngopharynx
middle region behind mouth
Oropharynx
superior region behind nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
is a tube formed by skeletal muscle and lined by mucous membrane that is continuous with that of the nasal cavities
Pharynx
which project from the epithelium and line the nasal mucosa create motions which drain mucus from the nasal passage to the throat from where itis swallowed and digested by stomach juices.
Cilia
Glands in the nasal mucosa produce a sticky mucus which moistens air and traps bacteria as they enter the respiratory passage.
Mucus Glands
are cells which line the walls of the arteries that feed the nasal mucosa.
Endothelial cells
drain tears from the lacrimal (tear) ducts of the eyes, to the nasal mucosa.
Nasolacrimal ducts
secrete the majority of the mucus which overlies the nerves of the olfactory system
Bowman’s glands
expand the total surface area of the mucosa and create turbulence in air entering the respiratory passage.
Conchae (turbinate bones)
refers to the passages through which air travels into the respiratory system.
Respiratory section
is the dilated area at the nostril opening.
Nasal vestibule
functions to allow air to enter the respiratory system upon respiration.
Nasal Cavity
exchange of gases between the blood and body cells. oxygen diffuses into the cells and carbon dioxide moves into the blood.
Internal Respiration
movement of gases from the lungs to the body cells and back, accomplished by the cardiovascular system.
Transport
exchange of gases between the air and the blood in the lungs oxygen diffuses into the blood, carbon dioxide diffuses into the lungs.
External Respiration
movement of air into and out of the lungs
Pulmonary ventilation
Composed of the trachea, the lungs, and all segments of the bronchial tree (including the alveoli), the organs of the lower respiratory tract are located inside the chest cavity.
Lower respiratory tract:
Composed of the nose, the pharynx, and the larynx, the organs of the upper respiratory tract are located outside the chest cavity.
Upper respiratory tract:
When the mud or sand hardens into rock where a footprint, trail or burrow was left behind.
Trace Fossil
When organism parts are pressed between layers of mud or clay that hardens over time, squeezing the decaying organism away and leaving a carbon imprint in the rock
Carbonized fossil
Minerals like calcium can soak into the buried remains of an organism. The mineral replaces the remaining bone and changes it into rock.
Petrified fossil or permineralized fossil
The cavity or mold mentioned above can filled in with mud. When the mud hardens, it takes on the shape of the organism.
Cast fossil
when sediments bury an organism and the sediment hardens into rock. The organism decays slowly inside the rock, leaving an cavity in the shape of the organism.
Mold fossils
is the preserved remains of an organism that has died
Fossil
is a technique used to immobilize or kill an animal by inserting a needle or metal rod into its brain.
Pithing
A person who described how the position of a rock layer could be used to show the relative age of the layer.
Nicholas Steno
The layer on the bottom was deposited first and so is the oldest
The principle of superposition
All rock layers were originally deposited horizontally.
The principle of horizontality
Originally deposited layers of rock extend laterally in all directions until either thinning out or being cut off by a different rock layer.
The principle of original lateral continuity
Who person stated thought the surface of the earth was an ever-changing environment and “the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now.” And what theory is it
James Hutton
uniformitarianism
He was the first to understand that certain rock units could be identified by the particular assemblages of fossils they contained. Using this information, he was able to correlate strata with the same fossils for many miles, giving rise to the principle of biologic succession.
William Smith
Each age in the earth‟s history is unique such that fossil remains will be unique.
The principle of biologic succession:
Each age in the earth‟s history is unique such that fossil remains will be unique.
The principle of biologic succession
A rock feature that cuts across another feature must be younger than the rock that it cuts.
The principle of cross-cutting relationships
Small fragments of one type of rock but embedded in a second type of rock must have formed first, and were included when the second rock was forming.
Inclusion principle
The theory of natural selection was credited to
Charles Darwin & Alfred Russel Wallace
What book did Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace wrote
Origin of Species
means the age of one object compared to the age of another, not the exact age of an object.
Relative Dating
Horizontal beds are uplifted and tilted or eroded followed by new deposition of horizontal beds.
Angular
Episodes of erosion or nondeposition between layers
Disconformity
Sediment is deposited on top of eroded volcanic or metamorphic rock (indicates very long passage of time)
Nonconformity
is the correlation of stratigraphic units based on fossil content.
Biostratigraphy
are a commonly used index fossil because they are easy to recognize.
Trilobites
is a common method used to date anything that was once alive (including plants) and up to 70,000 years old.
Radiocarbon Dating
cannot be used to date formerly living things; however, it is the most commonly used method in igneous rock dating because of the abundance of zircon minerals.
Uranium-Lead decay series (U-Pb series)
refers to the process where over long periods of time, helpful variations can appear in a species while “unfavorable” one disappear.
Natural Selection
occurs when no more members of a particular species remains.
Extinction
Is the largest lobe of the right lung. It extends from the apex of the lung down to the horizontal and oblique fissures. It bears apical, anterior, and posterior bronchopulmonary segments.
The Upper Lobe (Right Lung)
is the smallest lobe of the right lung, located between the horizontal and oblique fissures. It bears medial and lateral bronchopulmonary segments.
The Middle Lobe (Right Lung)
It lies beneath the oblique fissure. It bears medial, lateral, superior, anterior, and posterior bronchopulmonary segments.
The Lower Lobe (Right Lung)
It contains anterior and apicoposterior bronchopulmonary segments. Itis above the oblique fissure.
The Upper Lobe (Left Lung)
The lobe contains superior, anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral bronchopulmonary segments.
The Lower Lobe (Left Lung)
