Biology Flashcards
How many cells does the average human body contain?
Over 75 trillion
What are they two types of cells?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Cells that have no membrane-bound structures inside the cell.
prokaryotic
Cells that have a membrane bound structure inside the cell.
eukaryotic
What are the basic building blocks of all organisms
cells
What organisms are made up of only a single
bacteria
What are the parts of the cell
outter membrane (also called the cell membrane), organelles, cytoplasm
What is the dictator of the cell
the cell membrane
A gelatin like materail that fills the cell
cytoplasm
What are examples of organelles
nucleus, vacuoles, mitochondria
Specialized parts that move around the cell and perform functions that are necessary for life
organelles
The membrane that contains the cells hereditary information and controls the cells growth and reproduction
nucleus
The nucleus is an
organelle
Determines the chatracteristics and traits fo the organism, such as hair color, leaf shape and so on
DNA
Chromosomes reside in the
nucleus
What are vacuoles?
the storage containers of the cell
Energy for the cell is produced by
mitochondria
A series of chemical reactions that combine food and oxygen to create energy and a waste product carbon dioxide is called
respiration
Gives the cell a firmer shape and support
cell wall
What is the cell wall made of
cellulose
Organelles in plant cells that contain chlororphyll
chloroplasts
Green organelles that give plants their color
chloroplasts
Photosyntesis
the process in which chloroplasts interact with light energy, combining carbon dioxide from the like air with water to make food
The basic difference between plant and animal cells is
plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts and animal cells do not
The DNA molecule consists of two long strands that form
a double helix
If a cell has a nucleus, the DNA is found in
chromosomes
The instructions for the appearance and function of the new organism are contained in units called
genes
What are the two reasons for cell division
to replace old wornout cells, sexual reproducton
Takes place when cells are replacing themselves because they are old or worn out
mitosis
Takes place when cells divide for cell sex formation
meiosis
The full set of chromosomes that posses the genetic makeup of both parents
46 chromosomes
Reproduction between a sperm and an egg
sexual reproduction
Viruses are not alive
viruses are not alive
A piece of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coating
virus
What do viruses need to reporduce and function
a host cell
The flu, the common cold, cold sores, chicken pox, and AIDS are all caused by
viruses
All life is categorized into…
five kingdoms
The levels of classification within the classification system are
kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species
Living things can be classified as
consumers and producers
Living things that use an outside energy source such as sunlight, to produce energy
producers
Consumers cannot make their own energy in order to live, so they
eat other organisms
Consumers may eat only plants, only animals, or both
consumers may eat only plants, only animals, or both
The study of plants is called
botany
How are plants categorized
according to the structure by which the plant absorbs water
Plants transport water from the roots to the stems and to the leaves by means of tubelike structures if they are
vascular
If plants absorb water only through their surfaces they are
non-vascular
What are the two ways that plants reproduce
seeds, spores
Plants that produce flowers are
angiosperms
Plants that do not produce flowers are
gymnosperms
Food is stored for growing plants in the
seed
The part of the seed that stores food is called
the cotyledon
Monicots
seeds that have one cotyledon
Dicots
seeds that have more than one cotyledon
Plants that go through their entire life cycle from germination through seed production to death in one growing season is
annual
Plants that have a two year growing cycle are
buennials
Plants that lose their leaves in the winter are
decidious
Plants that keep their needles all year are
evergreen
The major parts of plants are
roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruit
The functions fo the root are
absorbing nutrients and water, anchoring the plant into the soil, holding up the stems and leaves, storing food
What are the two types of root systems
taproot systems and fibrous root sytems
Describe a taproot system
has on fat or sturdy main root with just a few branching roots
Has many branched roots
a fibrous root system
The main trunck of a plant is
the stem
Stems carry
nutrients and water
Places on the stem where buds form
nodes
Spaces between nodes
internodes
Major function of the plant stem
move water, nutrients, and food through the plant
Moves food from the roots through the stem through the leaves
phloem tubes
Move minerals and water
xylem tubes
The main tissue in the plant stem that surrounds the phloem tubes an the xylem tubes
canbium
What part of a plant grows out from the stem
leaves
What is the major job of leaves
to make food
The protective layer of the leaf that reduces evaportion of water from the plant and helps to protect the plant from disease causing organisms is
the cuticle
The stomata of a leaf is
a tiny opening that enables the plant to take in carbon dioxid and release oxygen into the atmosphere
Covers the stomata openings and regulate the exchange of water vapor, oxygem and carbon dioxide into and out of the stomata.
guard cells
The female portion of the flower is the
pistil
Parts of the pistil are the
stigma and the style
The stigma is the surface that captures and
holds pollen
The area between the stigman and the ovaries is
the style
The male portion fo the flower is teh
stamen
The filiment is the part of the stamen that holds the
anther
Where is pollen formed and released
the anter
Any edible part of a plant that is not a flower is considered to be
a vegetable
A ripened ovary or group of ovaries containing seeds
fruit
The only organisms that make their own food
green plants
When does photosynthesis begin
when light strikes a plants leaves
What interacts with sunlight to split the water in plants into basic components
chlorophyll
Simple sugar is produced when
carbon dioxide enters the leaf through the stomata and combines with stored energy in the chloroplasts
A plants positive or negative responses to various stinuli are called
tropisms
Response to gravity is called
gravitropism
When plants respond to light by growing toward it it is called
phototropism
How are animals characterized
vertebrates and invertebrates
What are vertebrates
animals that have backbones
Animasl that do not have backbones are called
invertebrates
Animals that have a hard shell for protection but are not vertebrates are colled
mollusks
Where can mollusks live
in water or on land
Invertebrates that have a tough coating made of chitin on their bodies have what is called an
exoskeleton
Anthropods
invertebrates that have segmented bodies
Crustaceans such as shrimp, lobsters, and crabs are called
antrhopods
3 ways to categorize vertebrates through their diet are
herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
Herbivores
animals that primarily eat plants
Carnivores
animals that primarily eat meat
Omnivores
animals that eat meat or plants
Vertebrates can be classified according to their body temperatures as
warm blooded or cold blooded
An animal is called cold blooded when its body temperature
follows or matches the external temperature around it
Animals that can control their body temperature are
warm blooded, their internal body temperature remains the same no matter what the outside temperature
The only creatures that are warm blooded are
birds and mammals
What do mammals use to adapt to temperature changes
hair, skin, fur
Females produce milk to feed her offspirng
mammals
Biosphere
the sum of all places on Earth where life can exist
A collection of all the living creatures an non living features or conditions in a particular environment
ecosystem
Sharp teeth
canines
teeth that have a flattened surface for grinding
molars
The amount of rainfall, the temperature, the soil conditions, the air and the contour of the land are all nonliving features of that environments
ecosystem
the study of ecosystems, the interactions between and among those living creaturew and nonliving features is called
ecology
Biodiverstiy
the variety of life forms that exist
Biodiversity tends to increase as
one approaches the equator
Biodiveristy is supported by
warmer weather
Habitat
a geographic area with conditions that support the continued reproduction of the species
Results from sending carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
global warming
the branch of biology that deals with the parts of the body, their functions, and the various bodily processes is called
physiology
human phiology deals with
the human body
groups of cells arrange themselves into
tissues
various tissues work together to form
organs
organs work together to form
organ systems
the organ systems are the
muscular system skeletal system skin/integumentary system respiratory system circulatory system lymphatic system immune system excretory system nervous system endocrine system reproductive system
allows movement and locomotion
muscular system
skeltal muscles help move
bones
bands of tissue that are attached to skeletal muscles
tendons
what kind of muscle is found in the heart
cardiac muscles
where are smooth muscles found
in some internal organs such as the intestines and bladder
a living system that provides shape and support to your body
skeletal system
exoskeleton
skeleton that is on the outside
made up of bone and cartilage
endoskeleton
the skeleton and muscles function together as teh
muscluloskeletal system
importand components of the bone that make the bone hard are
calcium and phosphorus
bone forming cells are
osteoblasts
places where your bones come together are called
joints
Ligaments
bands of tissue that hold joints together
the three major types of joints are
ball and socket joints
pivot joints
hinge joints
outermost protective layer
skin.integument
the largest organ in your body
skin
helps regulate your body temperature by expanding and constricting blood vessels and throught the operation of the sweat glands
skin
sweat glands
move perspiration or sweat onto the skin where evaporation takes place and cools the skin
the three layers of the skin are the
epidermis
dermis
fat
the outermost thinner layer of skin
epidermis
the layer of skin containing blood vessels, nerves, muscles, and oil and sweat glands
dermis
the layer of skin under the dermis is
fat
skin gets it color from
melanin
takes in oxygen and moves out waste material of carbon dioxide
respiratory system
the respiration system includes
lungs, pathwatys connecting them to the outside environment, and structures in the chest involved with moving air in an out of the lungs
when we breath in, air enters the body through the nose, where it is warmed, filtered, and passed through
the nasal cavity
prevents food from entering the trachea
the epiglottis
the upper part of the trachea contains the
larnyx
after passing the larynx, the air moves into the
bronchi
carries air out of the lungs
the bronchi
the smaller and smaller tubes branching in the bronchi
bronchioles
the bronchioles terminate little sacs known as
alveoli
alveoli are surrounded by a netowrk of thin walled
capillaries
the exchange of oxygen takes place between the
alveoli and the capillaries
oxygen is picked up and carried off to various parts of the body by
hemoglobin
waste material is transferred to the aveoli and eventually out fo our bodies during
exahalation
breathing is different from
respiration
the physical action of moving the diaphram up and down which allows air to enter the lung is called
breathing
hoar oru body uses the oxygen from the air we inhale and eliminate the carbon dioxide when we exhale is called
respiration
digestion
the mechanical and chemical means of breaking food into particles small enough to pass into the blood stream
the chemical breakdown begins when food interacts with
saliva
the long tube with musckles that contract and move food into the stomach is the
esophogus
a small sac or bag that is a part of the digestive system
stomach
the stomach mixes food by a process called
peristalsis
waves of muscle contractions
peristalsis
from the stomach, food moves into
the small intestine
duodenum
the uppper part of the small intestine where most of digestion takes place
bile is produced in
the liver
fluid that promotes the chemical digestion of carborhydrates, proteins and fats
pancreatic fluid
absorption of food takes place
in the small intestine
water is absorbed in
the large intestine
the main job of the circulatory system is to
move oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, imune components and hormones through the body
