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Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

basic structures of all living organisms

A

Cells

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2
Q

contiguous living system that can metabolize, grow, and adapt

A

Organism

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3
Q

organism that consists of one cell

A

Unicellular

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4
Q

organism made up of many cells

A

Multicellular

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5
Q

cannot be seen by the human eye without the use of microscope

A

Microscopic Organism

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6
Q

can be seen by the plain human eye

A

Macroscopic Organism

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7
Q

instrument used to magnify a tiny object

A

Microscope

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8
Q

small compartment

A

Cellula

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9
Q

detailed handbook on microscopy

A

Micrographia

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10
Q

the scientist who studied the cateria, blood cells, and protoists

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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11
Q

a professor of botany in Germany; stated that all plants are composed of cells

A

Matthias Jacob Schleiden

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12
Q

a professor at the University of Belgium; stated several slides of animal tissues in which he stated that animals are composed of cells

A

Theodor Schwann

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13
Q

states that organisms came from non-living things

A

Theory of Spontaneous Generation

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14
Q

he was able to disprove the theory that maggots could be spontaneously generated from meat using controlled experiment

A

Francesco Redi

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15
Q

he believed that life can arise spontaneously; he repeated Redi’s experiment but yielded different results because he was not successful in killing all microbes while boiling broth

A

John Needham

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16
Q

he disagreed with the theory of spontaneous generation after observing the absence of small organisms in some chicken broth

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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17
Q

disproved spontaneous generation through an experiment where the beef broth was sterilized through boiling in two flasks, one that was exposed to air and another that was protected from it

A

Louis Pasteur

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18
Q

provides the structure for the cell

A

Plasma membrane

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19
Q

form of plastids containing chlorophyll

A

Chloroplasts

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20
Q

the plasma membrane in this cell is surrounded by a cell wall

A

Plant cells

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21
Q

provides color and acts as a storage for plant cells

A

Plastids

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22
Q

contains all organelles inside the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

where protein synthesis happens in a cell

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

translation of new proteins in the cell happens here

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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25
Q

synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids in a cell

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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26
Q

where the proteins are processed and packaged in a cell

A

Golgi apparatus

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27
Q

the suicide bag of the cell, it is where cell waste is digested

A

Lysosome

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28
Q

the powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondrion

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29
Q

protein manufacturer of the cell

A

Ribosomes

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30
Q

found in plant cells, where the plant stores nutrients and waste

A

Vacuole

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31
Q

gives structure to the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

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32
Q

cylinder-like structure found in pairs that play a role in cell division

A

Centriole

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33
Q

the control center of the cell; contains the chromosomes

A

Nucleus

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34
Q

colorless material that includes cytoplasm and the nucleus of the cell

A

Protoplasm

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35
Q

molecules moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

Diffusion

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36
Q

water moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; happens across a semi-permeable membrane, a membrane that only lets certain molecules pass through

A

Osmosis

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37
Q

has a lower concentration of solute than the cell, making the cell swell as water enters the cell

A

Hypotonic solution

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38
Q

has a higher concentration of solute than the cell, making the cell shrink as water leaves the cell

A

Hypertonic solution

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39
Q

has equal concentration; the cell neither shrinks nor swells

A

Isotonic solution

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40
Q

series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides

A

Cell cycle

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41
Q

phase of the cell in which a typical cell spends most of its life; during this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis

A

Interphase

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42
Q

where chromatids are connected

A

Centromere

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43
Q

produces spindle fibers

A

Centrosome

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44
Q

cells increase in size and RNA and proteins are produced

A

Gap 1

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45
Q

DNA replication, chromosome replication, 23 pairs of chromosomes (46) with 2 chromatids each (92)

A

Synthesis phase

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46
Q

preparation for cell division, 23 pairs of chromosomes (46) with 2 chromatids each (92)

A

Gap 2

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47
Q

type of cell division that results in two daughter cells

A

Mitosis

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48
Q

the membrane around the nucleus dissolves releasing chromosome

A

Prophase

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49
Q

chromosomes are aligned vertically at the center of the cell; the centrosome moves into the opposite sides of the cell and then produces spindle fibers attaching the chromosome

A

Metaphase

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50
Q

the sister chromatids are pulled by the centrosome which brings 1 chromatid to the remaining side of the cell

A

Anaphase

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51
Q

a membrane forms around each side of the cell producing two nuclei

A

Telophase

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52
Q

process of separation of 2 nuclei

A

Cytokinesis

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53
Q

processes of Mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cell division

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54
Q

type of cell division where a singular cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half of the original amount of genetic information

A

Meiosis

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55
Q

involves two chromosomes with sister chromatid each; two centrosomes are found outside the nucleus

A

Interphase

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56
Q

recombination or crossing over will occur; the nuclear membrane dissolves

A

Prophase I

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57
Q

the chromosome will align horizontally at the center of the cell; they are now at the opposite sides of the cell and will produce spindle fibers attached to each chromosome

A

Metaphase I

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58
Q

the chromosomes are pulled by spindle fibers which brings one chromosome to the other side of the cell and the remaining chromosome to the other

A

Anaphase I

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59
Q

membrane forms around each set of chromosome; there is separation of two nuclei

A

Telophase I and Cytokinesis

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60
Q

the membrane around the nucleus dissolves; centrosome will duplicate

A

Prophase II

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61
Q

the chromosome in each nuclei will align at the center; centrosomes are now at the opposite sides of the cell producing spindle fibers that will be attached to the chromosome

A

Metaphase II

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62
Q

sister chromatids are pulled by spindle fibers which bring 1 chromatid to the other side of the cell and the remaining chromatid to the other

A

Anaphase II

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63
Q

membrane will form around each set of chromosomes

A

Telophase II and CYtokinesis

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64
Q

processes of Meiosis

A

prophase, first metaphase, first anaphase, telophase and cell division, second metaphase, second telophase and cell division

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65
Q

takes place in somatic cells, results in 2 daughter cells, one division process, maintenance of chromosome number (diploid)

A

Mitosis

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66
Q

occurs in reproductive cells, results in 4 daughter cells, two division processes, reduction or halving of chromosomes (haploid)

A

Meiosis

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67
Q

derived from the cholesterol of testes

A

Testosterone

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68
Q

derived from the cholesterol of ovaries

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

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69
Q

building blocks of life which contains amino acids

A

Proteins

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70
Q

responsible for the muscle cell contraction

A

Myosin and Actin

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71
Q

most abundant protein in the human body and is the substance that holds the whole body together

A

Collagen

72
Q

cannot be made by the body; as a result, they must come from food

A

Essential amino acids

73
Q

amino acids that can be made by human and so is not essential to the human diet

A

Non-essential amino acids

74
Q

amino acids that usually not essential, except in times of illness and stress

A

Conditional amino acids

75
Q

the study of genes and heredity - of how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes in DNA sequence

A

Genetics

76
Q

used to pass traits from parent to offspring (ex. eye color)

A

Gene

77
Q

gene forms for a hereditary trait (ex. eye color - blue vs. brown)

A

Alleles

78
Q

a grid formed by 4 squares used as a way to predict a trait or genotype that comes from two different people or organisms

A

Punnett Square

79
Q

having two of the same allele (e.g. RR or rr); purebred

A

Homozygous

80
Q

having two different alleles for a certain trait (e.g. Rr); halfbred

A

Heterozygous

81
Q

hidden or masked gene

A

Recessive

82
Q

expressed gene

A

Dominant

83
Q

an organism’s physical characteristics

A

Phenotype

84
Q

an organism’s actual genetic composition

A

Genotype

85
Q

alleles that are represented by capital letters

A

Dominant alleles

86
Q

alleles that are represented by lowercase letters

A

Recessive alleles

87
Q

the molecule that carries the genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

88
Q

each strand of DNA has a backbone made of these

A

alternating sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogrenous basis, and phosphate groups

89
Q

the DNA double chain “unzips” and a new complementary strand is formed for each “unzipped” strand, creating two different double chains

A

Replication

90
Q

RNA for protein synthesis is created from DNA; instead of adenine-thymine, the base pairing is now adenine-uracil

A

Transcription

91
Q

each gene directs the synthesis of a protein enzyme that controls a chemical reaction in the cell; the chemical reactions, in turn, determine the phenotype of the organism

A

one gene-one enzyme hypothesis

92
Q

Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics

A

DNA - transcription - RNA - translation - PROTEIN

93
Q

the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division

A

Replication

94
Q

first step of gene expression, the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries the information needed for protein synthesis

A

Transcription

95
Q

the process of protein synthesis by ribosomes

A

Translation

96
Q

marks the site at which translation into protein sequence begins

A

AUG - the start codon

97
Q

marks the site at which translation ends

A

UGA, UAA, UAG - stop codons

98
Q

uses a hierarchical model to organize living organisms into increasingly specific categories

A

Taxonomic Classification System

99
Q

highest level constitutes three domains of life

A

Domain

100
Q

the second most level constitutes five kingdoms

A

Kingdom

101
Q

a group of related classes

A

Phylum

102
Q

a group of related orders

A

Class

103
Q

a group of related families

A

Order

104
Q

five-kingdom classification

A

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

105
Q

difference of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

A

prokaryotic cell - no nucleus; eukaryotic cell - has distinct nucleus

106
Q

the only prokaryotic kingdom out of all the kingdoms

A

Kingdom Monera

107
Q

unicellular eukaryotes that are neither animals nor plants nor fungi, but are believed to be the common ancestral link between them

A

Kingdom Protista

108
Q

responsible for the breakdown of organic matter which releases carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and nitrogen into the soil as well as the atmosphere

A

Kingdom Fungi

109
Q

this kingdom has two classification (vascular and non-vascular)

A

Kingdom Plantae

110
Q

the type of Kingdom Plantae that has no phloem or xylem (tubes that transport nutrients, water, and food); ex. Algae and Bryophytes

A

Non-vascular

111
Q

brown, red, and green; aquatic; reproduce by spores (survive for a long time even in harsh conditions, unlike seeds)

A

Non-vascular Algae

112
Q

mostly mosses, no roots, leaves, or stems; reproduce by spores

A

Bryophytes

113
Q

type of Kingdom Algae that are seed plants (no spores); ex: Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperm

A

Vascular

114
Q

mostly ferns, flowerless, seedless; only have roots, stems and fronds; reproduce by spores

A

Pteridophytes

115
Q

mostly conifers (cone-bearing); e.g. pine trees

A

Gymnosperms

116
Q

flowering plants

A

Angiosperms

117
Q

two classes of Angiosperms

A

monocot and dicot

118
Q

anchors the plant in place, absorbs water and nutrients from the soil

A

Roots

119
Q

transport the nutrients to leaves

A

Stems

120
Q

vascular tissue that delivers nutrients up from the roots

A

Xylem

121
Q

vascular tissue that delivers products of photosynthesis from leaves

A

Phloem

122
Q

where the plant manufactures its food

A

Leaves

123
Q

tiny pores on leaf surfaces that allow substances to be absorbed into the plant

A

Stomata

124
Q

the reproductive organ of plants

A

Flowers

125
Q

female reproductive organ; has a sticky top called stigma where pollen is captured

A

Pistil

126
Q

male reproductive organ; manufactures the pollen

A

Stamen

127
Q

growth toward or away from a stimulus

A

Tropism

128
Q

four types of tropism and what does it do

A

Phototropism - to light
Geotropism - to gravity
Thigmotropism - to touch
Hydrotropism - to moisture

129
Q

no backbone

A

Invertebrates

130
Q

sponges

A

Phylum Porifera

131
Q

have tentacles with stinging cells in their tips for preying, e.g. corals, jellyfish, sea anemone

A

Phylum Cnidaria

132
Q

lacking in any respiratory or circulatory systems, oxygen passes through their bodies instead in a process known as diffusion, e.g. liver fluke, planaria

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

133
Q

ascaris

A

Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)

134
Q

earthworm, leech

A

Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms)

135
Q

invertebrates with soft unsegmented bodies, e.g. snail, squid, clam

A

Phylum Mollusca

136
Q

starfish, sea urchin

A

Phylum Echinodermata

137
Q

jointed legs; biggest urchin, invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton and segmented bodies

A

Phylum Arthropoda

138
Q

the 5 classes in Phylum Arthropoda and the number of legs in each class

A

Class Insecta - 6 legs
Class Arachnida - 8 legs; spiders, ticks
Class Crustacea - 10 or more legs; crab, lobster, shrimp
Class Diplopoda (Millipedes) - 2 pairs of legs per segment
Class Chilopoda (Centipedes) - 1 pair of legs per segment

139
Q

with backbones

A

Vertebrates

140
Q

poikilothermic or ectothermic (rely on environment for body heat)

A

cold-blooded vertebrates

141
Q

four classes under cold-blooded vertebrates

A

Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fish) - sharks and rays
Class Osteichthyes (bony fish) - all fish except cartilaginous fish
Class Amphibia - have moist skin; lung breathing adult stage
Class Reptilia - have scales; lung-breathing

142
Q

homeothermic or endothermic (can maintain a constantly high body temperature)

A

warm-blooded vertebrates

143
Q

two classes under warm-blooded vertebrates

A

Class Aves (birds) - have feathers
Class Mammalia - have hair; mammary glands

144
Q

organisms on the seabed; e.g. starfish, corals, crab

A

Benthos

145
Q

organisms that swim; e.g. fish, squid, shrimp

A

Nekton

146
Q

organisms that float or drift on the water surface, such as algae, bacteria, and sea urchins, starfish, fish, and crustacean larvae

A

Plankton

147
Q

“Survival of the fittest” by Charles Darwin; organisms with genes better suited to the environment are selected for survival and pass them to the next generation

A

Theory of Natural Selection

148
Q

all ecosystems on Earth

A

Biosphere

149
Q

all communities an their environment

A

Ecosystem

150
Q

all populations in an area

A

Community

151
Q

all individuals of the same species in an area

A

Population

152
Q

a close relationship between two species in which at least one species benefits

A

Symbiotic Relationships or Symbiosis

153
Q

one species benefits while the other species is not affected

A

Commensalism

154
Q

both species benefit

A

Mutualism

155
Q

two species appear to have no effect whatsoever on each other

A

Neutralism

156
Q

one species (the parasite) benefits while the other species (the host) is harmed

A

Parasitism

157
Q

responsible for blood pumping, circulation, and regulation, as well as transporting materials to and from cells

A

Cardiovascular or Circulatory System

158
Q

What are the organs under cardiovascular and circulatory systems?

A

heart, veins, arteries, capillaries, red and white blood cells, plasma, bone marrow

159
Q

absorbs oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from blood

A

Respiratory System

160
Q

What are the organs under respiratory system?

A

nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs

161
Q

where acting, thinking, and decision-making as well as emotions and awareness, happen

A

Nervous System

162
Q

What are the organs in our nervous system?

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

163
Q

acts as a protection between the body organs and the external environment, making it the first line of defense; also helps regulate body temperature and protects against sun’s UV rays

A

Integumentary System

164
Q

What is the only organ that is under the integumentary system?

A

Skin

165
Q

gives the body structure and is responsible for movement

A

Muscular System

166
Q

What are the organs in the muscular system?

A

muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints

167
Q

allows for movement and protects the organs

A

Skeletal System

168
Q

What are the parts of the skeletal system?

A

bones, cartilage, ligaments

169
Q

responsible for ingestion and digestion, excretes waste from the body

A

Digestive and Excretory Systems

170
Q

What are the organs under Digestive and Excretory Systems?

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder, appendix, pancreas

171
Q

regulates body functions with hormones

A

Endocrine System

172
Q

What are the organs under endocrine system?

A

glands (hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pituitary, pancreas, ovaries, testes)

173
Q

filters waste products from the blood

A

Urinary System

174
Q

What are the organs under urinary system?

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

175
Q

for reproduction

A

Male Reproductive System and Female Reproductive System

176
Q

What are the organs under male reproductive system?

A

penis, prostate gland, testes

177
Q

What are the organs under female reproductive system?

A

vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries

SCIENCE (3 decks)

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