Biology Flashcards
1
Q
basic structures of all living organisms
A
Cells
2
Q
contiguous living system that can metabolize, grow, and adapt
A
Organism
3
Q
organism that consists of one cell
A
Unicellular
4
Q
organism made up of many cells
A
Multicellular
5
Q
cannot be seen by the human eye without the use of microscope
A
Microscopic Organism
6
Q
can be seen by the plain human eye
A
Macroscopic Organism
7
Q
instrument used to magnify a tiny object
A
Microscope
8
Q
small compartment
A
Cellula
9
Q
detailed handbook on microscopy
A
Micrographia
10
Q
the scientist who studied the cateria, blood cells, and protoists
A
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
11
Q
a professor of botany in Germany; stated that all plants are composed of cells
A
Matthias Jacob Schleiden
12
Q
a professor at the University of Belgium; stated several slides of animal tissues in which he stated that animals are composed of cells
A
Theodor Schwann
13
Q
states that organisms came from non-living things
A
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
14
Q
he was able to disprove the theory that maggots could be spontaneously generated from meat using controlled experiment
A
Francesco Redi
15
Q
he believed that life can arise spontaneously; he repeated Redi’s experiment but yielded different results because he was not successful in killing all microbes while boiling broth
A
John Needham
16
Q
he disagreed with the theory of spontaneous generation after observing the absence of small organisms in some chicken broth
A
Lazzaro Spallanzani
17
Q
disproved spontaneous generation through an experiment where the beef broth was sterilized through boiling in two flasks, one that was exposed to air and another that was protected from it
A
Louis Pasteur
18
Q
provides the structure for the cell
A
Plasma membrane
19
Q
form of plastids containing chlorophyll
A
Chloroplasts
20
Q
the plasma membrane in this cell is surrounded by a cell wall
A
Plant cells
21
Q
provides color and acts as a storage for plant cells
A
Plastids
22
Q
contains all organelles inside the nucleus
A
Cytoplasm
23
Q
where protein synthesis happens in a cell
A
Endoplasmic reticulum
24
Q
translation of new proteins in the cell happens here
A
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
25
synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids in a cell
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
26
where the proteins are processed and packaged in a cell
Golgi apparatus
27
the suicide bag of the cell, it is where cell waste is digested
Lysosome
28
the powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondrion
29
protein manufacturer of the cell
Ribosomes
30
found in plant cells, where the plant stores nutrients and waste
Vacuole
31
gives structure to the cell
Cytoskeleton
32
cylinder-like structure found in pairs that play a role in cell division
Centriole
33
the control center of the cell; contains the chromosomes
Nucleus
34
colorless material that includes cytoplasm and the nucleus of the cell
Protoplasm
35
molecules moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
36
water moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; happens across a semi-permeable membrane, a membrane that only lets certain molecules pass through
Osmosis
37
has a lower concentration of solute than the cell, making the cell swell as water enters the cell
Hypotonic solution
38
has a higher concentration of solute than the cell, making the cell shrink as water leaves the cell
Hypertonic solution
39
has equal concentration; the cell neither shrinks nor swells
Isotonic solution
40
series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides
Cell cycle
41
phase of the cell in which a typical cell spends most of its life; during this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis
Interphase
42
where chromatids are connected
Centromere
43
produces spindle fibers
Centrosome
44
cells increase in size and RNA and proteins are produced
Gap 1
45
DNA replication, chromosome replication, 23 pairs of chromosomes (46) with 2 chromatids each (92)
Synthesis phase
46
preparation for cell division, 23 pairs of chromosomes (46) with 2 chromatids each (92)
Gap 2
47
type of cell division that results in two daughter cells
Mitosis
48
the membrane around the nucleus dissolves releasing chromosome
Prophase
49
chromosomes are aligned vertically at the center of the cell; the centrosome moves into the opposite sides of the cell and then produces spindle fibers attaching the chromosome
Metaphase
50
the sister chromatids are pulled by the centrosome which brings 1 chromatid to the remaining side of the cell
Anaphase
51
a membrane forms around each side of the cell producing two nuclei
Telophase
52
process of separation of 2 nuclei
Cytokinesis
53
processes of Mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cell division
54
type of cell division where a singular cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half of the original amount of genetic information
Meiosis
55
involves two chromosomes with sister chromatid each; two centrosomes are found outside the nucleus
Interphase
56
recombination or crossing over will occur; the nuclear membrane dissolves
Prophase I
57
the chromosome will align horizontally at the center of the cell; they are now at the opposite sides of the cell and will produce spindle fibers attached to each chromosome
Metaphase I
58
the chromosomes are pulled by spindle fibers which brings one chromosome to the other side of the cell and the remaining chromosome to the other
Anaphase I
59
membrane forms around each set of chromosome; there is separation of two nuclei
Telophase I and Cytokinesis
60
the membrane around the nucleus dissolves; centrosome will duplicate
Prophase II
61
the chromosome in each nuclei will align at the center; centrosomes are now at the opposite sides of the cell producing spindle fibers that will be attached to the chromosome
Metaphase II
62
sister chromatids are pulled by spindle fibers which bring 1 chromatid to the other side of the cell and the remaining chromatid to the other
Anaphase II
63
membrane will form around each set of chromosomes
Telophase II and CYtokinesis
64
processes of Meiosis
prophase, first metaphase, first anaphase, telophase and cell division, second metaphase, second telophase and cell division
65
takes place in somatic cells, results in 2 daughter cells, one division process, maintenance of chromosome number (diploid)
Mitosis
66
occurs in reproductive cells, results in 4 daughter cells, two division processes, reduction or halving of chromosomes (haploid)
Meiosis
67
derived from the cholesterol of testes
Testosterone
68
derived from the cholesterol of ovaries
Estrogen and Progesterone
69
building blocks of life which contains amino acids
Proteins
70
responsible for the muscle cell contraction
Myosin and Actin
71
most abundant protein in the human body and is the substance that holds the whole body together
Collagen
72
cannot be made by the body; as a result, they must come from food
Essential amino acids
73
amino acids that can be made by human and so is not essential to the human diet
Non-essential amino acids
74
amino acids that usually not essential, except in times of illness and stress
Conditional amino acids
75
the study of genes and heredity - of how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes in DNA sequence
Genetics
76
used to pass traits from parent to offspring (ex. eye color)
Gene
77
gene forms for a hereditary trait (ex. eye color - blue vs. brown)
Alleles
78
a grid formed by 4 squares used as a way to predict a trait or genotype that comes from two different people or organisms
Punnett Square
79
having two of the same allele (e.g. RR or rr); purebred
Homozygous
80
having two different alleles for a certain trait (e.g. Rr); halfbred
Heterozygous
81
hidden or masked gene
Recessive
82
expressed gene
Dominant
83
an organism's physical characteristics
Phenotype
84
an organism's actual genetic composition
Genotype
85
alleles that are represented by capital letters
Dominant alleles
86
alleles that are represented by lowercase letters
Recessive alleles
87
the molecule that carries the genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
88
each strand of DNA has a backbone made of these
alternating sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogrenous basis, and phosphate groups
89
the DNA double chain "unzips" and a new complementary strand is formed for each "unzipped" strand, creating two different double chains
Replication
90
RNA for protein synthesis is created from DNA; instead of adenine-thymine, the base pairing is now adenine-uracil
Transcription
91
each gene directs the synthesis of a protein enzyme that controls a chemical reaction in the cell; the chemical reactions, in turn, determine the phenotype of the organism
one gene-one enzyme hypothesis
92
Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics
DNA - transcription - RNA - translation - PROTEIN
93
the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division
Replication
94
first step of gene expression, the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries the information needed for protein synthesis
Transcription
95
the process of protein synthesis by ribosomes
Translation
96
marks the site at which translation into protein sequence begins
AUG - the start codon
97
marks the site at which translation ends
UGA, UAA, UAG - stop codons
98
uses a hierarchical model to organize living organisms into increasingly specific categories
Taxonomic Classification System
99
highest level constitutes three domains of life
Domain
100
the second most level constitutes five kingdoms
Kingdom
101
a group of related classes
Phylum
102
a group of related orders
Class
103
a group of related families
Order
104
five-kingdom classification
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
105
difference of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
prokaryotic cell - no nucleus; eukaryotic cell - has distinct nucleus
106
the only prokaryotic kingdom out of all the kingdoms
Kingdom Monera
107
unicellular eukaryotes that are neither animals nor plants nor fungi, but are believed to be the common ancestral link between them
Kingdom Protista
108
responsible for the breakdown of organic matter which releases carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and nitrogen into the soil as well as the atmosphere
Kingdom Fungi
109
this kingdom has two classification (vascular and non-vascular)
Kingdom Plantae
110
the type of Kingdom Plantae that has no phloem or xylem (tubes that transport nutrients, water, and food); ex. Algae and Bryophytes
Non-vascular
111
brown, red, and green; aquatic; reproduce by spores (survive for a long time even in harsh conditions, unlike seeds)
Non-vascular Algae
112
mostly mosses, no roots, leaves, or stems; reproduce by spores
Bryophytes
113
type of Kingdom Algae that are seed plants (no spores); ex: Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperm
Vascular
114
mostly ferns, flowerless, seedless; only have roots, stems and fronds; reproduce by spores
Pteridophytes
115
mostly conifers (cone-bearing); e.g. pine trees
Gymnosperms
116
flowering plants
Angiosperms
117
two classes of Angiosperms
monocot and dicot
118
anchors the plant in place, absorbs water and nutrients from the soil
Roots
119
transport the nutrients to leaves
Stems
120
vascular tissue that delivers nutrients up from the roots
Xylem
121
vascular tissue that delivers products of photosynthesis from leaves
Phloem
122
where the plant manufactures its food
Leaves
123
tiny pores on leaf surfaces that allow substances to be absorbed into the plant
Stomata
124
the reproductive organ of plants
Flowers
125
female reproductive organ; has a sticky top called stigma where pollen is captured
Pistil
126
male reproductive organ; manufactures the pollen
Stamen
127
growth toward or away from a stimulus
Tropism
128
four types of tropism and what does it do
Phototropism - to light
Geotropism - to gravity
Thigmotropism - to touch
Hydrotropism - to moisture
129
no backbone
Invertebrates
130
sponges
Phylum Porifera
131
have tentacles with stinging cells in their tips for preying, e.g. corals, jellyfish, sea anemone
Phylum Cnidaria
132
lacking in any respiratory or circulatory systems, oxygen passes through their bodies instead in a process known as diffusion, e.g. liver fluke, planaria
Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
133
ascaris
Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)
134
earthworm, leech
Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms)
135
invertebrates with soft unsegmented bodies, e.g. snail, squid, clam
Phylum Mollusca
136
starfish, sea urchin
Phylum Echinodermata
137
jointed legs; biggest urchin, invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton and segmented bodies
Phylum Arthropoda
138
the 5 classes in Phylum Arthropoda and the number of legs in each class
Class Insecta - 6 legs
Class Arachnida - 8 legs; spiders, ticks
Class Crustacea - 10 or more legs; crab, lobster, shrimp
Class Diplopoda (Millipedes) - 2 pairs of legs per segment
Class Chilopoda (Centipedes) - 1 pair of legs per segment
139
with backbones
Vertebrates
140
poikilothermic or ectothermic (rely on environment for body heat)
cold-blooded vertebrates
141
four classes under cold-blooded vertebrates
Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fish) - sharks and rays
Class Osteichthyes (bony fish) - all fish except cartilaginous fish
Class Amphibia - have moist skin; lung breathing adult stage
Class Reptilia - have scales; lung-breathing
142
homeothermic or endothermic (can maintain a constantly high body temperature)
warm-blooded vertebrates
143
two classes under warm-blooded vertebrates
Class Aves (birds) - have feathers
Class Mammalia - have hair; mammary glands
144
organisms on the seabed; e.g. starfish, corals, crab
Benthos
145
organisms that swim; e.g. fish, squid, shrimp
Nekton
146
organisms that float or drift on the water surface, such as algae, bacteria, and sea urchins, starfish, fish, and crustacean larvae
Plankton
147
"Survival of the fittest" by Charles Darwin; organisms with genes better suited to the environment are selected for survival and pass them to the next generation
Theory of Natural Selection
148
all ecosystems on Earth
Biosphere
149
all communities an their environment
Ecosystem
150
all populations in an area
Community
151
all individuals of the same species in an area
Population
152
a close relationship between two species in which at least one species benefits
Symbiotic Relationships or Symbiosis
153
one species benefits while the other species is not affected
Commensalism
154
both species benefit
Mutualism
155
two species appear to have no effect whatsoever on each other
Neutralism
156
one species (the parasite) benefits while the other species (the host) is harmed
Parasitism
157
responsible for blood pumping, circulation, and regulation, as well as transporting materials to and from cells
Cardiovascular or Circulatory System
158
What are the organs under cardiovascular and circulatory systems?
heart, veins, arteries, capillaries, red and white blood cells, plasma, bone marrow
159
absorbs oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from blood
Respiratory System
160
What are the organs under respiratory system?
nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs
161
where acting, thinking, and decision-making as well as emotions and awareness, happen
Nervous System
162
What are the organs in our nervous system?
brain, spinal cord, nerves
163
acts as a protection between the body organs and the external environment, making it the first line of defense; also helps regulate body temperature and protects against sun's UV rays
Integumentary System
164
What is the only organ that is under the integumentary system?
Skin
165
gives the body structure and is responsible for movement
Muscular System
166
What are the organs in the muscular system?
muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints
167
allows for movement and protects the organs
Skeletal System
168
What are the parts of the skeletal system?
bones, cartilage, ligaments
169
responsible for ingestion and digestion, excretes waste from the body
Digestive and Excretory Systems
170
What are the organs under Digestive and Excretory Systems?
mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder, appendix, pancreas
171
regulates body functions with hormones
Endocrine System
172
What are the organs under endocrine system?
glands (hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pituitary, pancreas, ovaries, testes)
173
filters waste products from the blood
Urinary System
174
What are the organs under urinary system?
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
175
for reproduction
Male Reproductive System and Female Reproductive System
176
What are the organs under male reproductive system?
penis, prostate gland, testes
177
What are the organs under female reproductive system?
vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries
