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UNIT 5 APPLIED SCIENCE > BIOLOGY > Flashcards

BIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS THE HEART? AND WHAT DOES IT DO?

A

THE HEART IS A PUMP
-IT PUMPS BLOOD TO YOUR LUNGS
-IT PUMPS BLOOD TO THE REST OF THE BODY

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2
Q

FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE HEART IN ORDER

A

-BLOOD COMES IN THROUGH VENA CANVA
-THEN TO THE RIGHT ATRIUM
-THEN THROUGH THE TRICUSPID VALVE
-THEN TO THE RIGHT VENTRICLE
-THEN TO THE SEMILUNAR VALVE
-THEN GOES TO THE PULMONARY ARTERY THEN TO BOTH OF THE LUNGS
-FROM THE LUNGS THE BLOOD COMES INTO THE PULMONARY VEINS
-THEN TO THE LEFT ATRIUM
-THEN TO THE BICUSPID VALVE
-THEN TO THE LEFT VENTRICLE
-THEN THE BLOOD GOES THROUGH THE SEMILUNAR VALVE
-THEN GOES TO THE AORTA

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3
Q

WHAT HAPPENS AT THE SINOATRIAL NODE (SAN)?

A

The SAN produces the impulses that
make the heart beat (60 to 100 bpm)
The atria muscles contract
The signal reaches the AVN
There is a pause for about 0.2s
The signal then splits as it travels down
the heart through the Bundle of His
towards the ventricle muscles
-The Perkinje fires carry the signal to the muscle

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4
Q

WHAT IS CVD?

A

-CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS

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5
Q

WHAT IS CVD CAUSED BY?

A

-FATTY DEPOSITS IN THE ARTERIES (ATHEROSCLEROSIS)
-BRAIN,HEART,KIDNEY AND EYE DAMAGE

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6
Q

WHAT DO CORONARY ARTERIES DO?

A

SUPPLIES OXYGENATED RICH BLOOD TO YHE HEART MUSCLE

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7
Q

WHAT CAN HAPPEN IF THE CORONARY ARTIES ARE BLOCKED?

A

-CHEST PAIN (ANGINA)
-HEART ATTACKS WHEN THE SUPPLY OF BLOOD TO THE HEART MUSCLE IS SUDDENLY BLOCKED

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8
Q

WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS FOR CVD?

A

GENETICS- GENES YOU INHERIT COULD MAKE YOU MORE VULNERABLE TO DISEASES

AGE- THE OLDER YOU ARE, THE MORE AT RISK YOU ARE

GENDER- MEN ARE MOST LIKELY TO DEVELOP CVD FROM A YOUNG AGE

DIET- OVERWEIGHT PEOPLE ARE MORE AT RISK, THIS IS DUE TO A DIET HIGH IN SUGAR AND SATURATED FATS

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

SMOKING- FILLING YOUR BLOOD FULL OF TOXINS

INACTIVITY- LEADS TO HIGH BP

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9
Q

WHAT ARE THE TREATMENTS FOR CVD?

A

ANTIHYPERTENSIVES- DRUGS THAT TREAT HIGH BP
EG: DIURETICS, A DRUG THAT HELPS THE KIDNEYS REMOVE EXCESS SALT AND WATER FROM BLOOD. HOWEVER THIS DRUG CAN INCREASE RISK OF DIABETES

STATINS- HELPS TO LOWER THE LEVEL OF LDL (BAD CHOLESTEROL) IN THE BLOOD. HOWEVER, IT CAN HAVE UNPLEASANT SIDE EFFECTS OF WHEN COMBINED WITH OTHER MEDICATION FOR EXAMPLE MAY CAUSE MUSCLE DAMAGE AND HEADACHES

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10
Q

HOW DOES HEART TRANSPLANTATION WORK?

A

-THIS IS WHEN A DAMAGED OR FAILING HEART IS REPLACED WITH ONE FROM A DONOR WHO HAS DIED RECENTLY
-90% LIVE FOR ANOTHER YEAR, 50% LIVE FOR ANOTHER 10 YEARS

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11
Q

WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF HEART TRANSPLANTATION?

A

-THERE IS A SHORTAGE OF HEALTHY DONORS AND CONSENT IS NEEDED
-YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM WILL SEE THE HEART AS SOMETHING FOREIGN AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS WILL ATTACK IT
-TO OVERCOME THIS YOU WILL HAVE TO TAKE DRUGS TO SUPPRESS YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM FOR THE REST OF YOUR LIFE (IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS)

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12
Q

WHAT ARE BRONCHIOLES MADE OUT OF AND WHAT IS THERE FUNCTION?

A

-MADE FROM VERY STRONG CARTILAGE
-THEY CARRY THE AIR TO AND FROM YOUR LUNGS

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13
Q

WHERE ARE ALVEOLI FOUND?

A

-AT THE END OF THE BRONCHIOLES
-THERES ABOUT 300 MILLION OF THEM IN EACH LUNG

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14
Q

WHAT ARE THE LUNGS PROTECTED BY ?

A

RIBCAGE

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15
Q

WHAT ARE FOUND IN BETWEEN THE RIBS?

A

INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

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16
Q

WHAT IS THE DIAPHRAGM AND WHAT DOES IT DO?

A

-DOME SHAPED MUSCLE THAT SEPARATES THE THORAX AND THE ABDOMEN

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17
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF PLEURA THAT SEPARATE THE LUNGS FROM THE RIBCAGE?

A

1) PARIETAL PLUERA- CONNECTED TO THE RIBCAGE
2) VISCERAL PLUERA- BALLOON SURROUNDING THE LUNGS

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18
Q

WHAT IS FOUND IN BETWEEN THE PARIETAL PLUERA AND THE VISCERAL PLUERA?

A

CONTAINS A SMALL AMOUNT OF FLUID WHICH ALLOWS FOR EASY MOVEMENT AND INFLATION

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19
Q

WHAT HAPPENS DURING INSPIRATION (BREATHING IN)?

A
  • THE MUSCLES OF THE DIAPHRAGM CONTRACT THIS CAUSES IT TO MOVE DOWNWARDS
    -THE INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES CONTRACT THIS CAUSES THEM TO MOVE UP AND OUTWARDS
    -VOLUME INSIDE LUNGS GET BIGGER
    PRESSURE GOES LOWER
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20
Q

WHAT HAPPENS DURING EXPIRATION (BREATHING OUT)?

A

-THE DIAPHRAGM MOVES UP
-THE RIBCAGE MOVES IN AND DOWN
-SMALLER VOLUME
-HIGHER PRESSURE

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21
Q

HOW DOES GAS EXCHANGE TAKE PLACE IN THE LUNGS?

A

-OXYGEN GOES FROM THE AIR IN THE ALVEOLI AND THE OXYGEN DIFFUSES INTO THE CAPILLARIES
-THE OXYGEN IS CARRIED BY RED BLOOD CELLS INTO THE BLOODSTREAM
-CARBON DIOXIDE IS DIFFUSED INTO THE ALVEOLI

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22
Q

WHAT IS THE PIGMENT CALLED ON RED BLOOD CELLS

A

HAEMOGLOBIN, THIS CHANGES TO OXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN WHEN OXYGEN MOLECULES TAG ONTO IT

23
Q

WHERE IS CARBON DIOXIDE FOUND IN THE BODY?

A

THE PLASMA OF THE BLOOD

24
Q

WHY IS DIFFUSION PROMOTED IN GAS EXHANGE?

A

-CAPILLARY WALLS ARE VERY THIN
-SMALL GAP BETWEEN ALVOLAR WALLS AND CAPILLARY NETWORK
-LARGE SURFACE AREA OF ALVEOLI

25
Q

WHAT IS THE TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY?

A

VITAL CAPACITY+RESIDUAL VOLUME

26
Q

WHAT IS SPIROMETRY?

A

MEASURES THE VOLUME OF AIR THAT YOU BREATHE OUT USING A SPIROMETER

27
Q

WHAT IS SPIROMETRY USED FOR?

A

DIAGNOSING DISEASE

28
Q

WHAT TAKES PLACE DURING SPIROMETRY?

A

-THE PATIENT TAKES A DEEP BREATHE THEN IS ASKED TO BREATHE OUT QUICKLY AND FORCEFULLY INTO THE DEVICE UNTIL THEY CANT BREATHE OUT ANYMORE
-THIS IS REPEATED 3 TIMES SO AN AVERAGE CAN BE WORKED OUT

29
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO IMPORTANT MEASUREMENTS NURSES CAN LEARN FROM DURING SPIROMETRY?

A

1) PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW (PEV)- THIS IS THE VOLUME OF AIR EXPELLED FROM THE LUNGS IN ONE QUICK EXHALATION
IT WILL VARY DEPENDING ON AGE,SEX AND HEIGHT
IT WILL GIVE A LOT OF INFORMATION ABOUT MEDICAL CONDITIONS SUCH AS ASTHMA
THE AMOUNT OF AIR YOU CAN EXPELL TELLS US HOW STRONG THE MUSCLES ARE

2) FORCED VITAL CAPACITY (FVC)- THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF AIR YOU CAN FORCIBLY EXHALE FROM YOUR LUNGS AFTER FULLY INHALING

30
Q

WHAT IS THE SEPTUM?

A

THE DIVIDING WALL BETWEEN THE LEFT AND RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART

31
Q

WHAT ARE MYOGENIC MUSCLES?

A

THESE MUSCLES ARE MADE TO CONTRACT DUE TO SIGNALS FROM THE HEART AND NOT THE BRAIN

32
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF VALVES AND WHAT ARE THEY MADE OF?

A

THEY ALLOW BLOOD TO FLOW ONLY ONE WAY
MADE FROM STRONG THIN FLAPS OR CUSPS

33
Q

WHY DO VEINS HAVE VALVES?

A

TO PREVENT BLOOD FLOWING BACKWARDS IF PRESSURE IS TOO LOW

34
Q

WHAT HAPPENS DURING ECG TO THE PATIENT?

A

ELECTRODES ARE PLACED ON THE BODY WHICH DETECT ELECTRICAL IMPULSES
A MACHINE AMPLIFIES, RECORDS AND DISPLAYS THEM

35
Q

WHAT HAPPENS ON THE P WAVE ON THE ECG?

A

ATRIA CONTRACTS

36
Q

WHAT HAPPENS AT THE QRS COMPLEX ON THE ECG?

A

VENTRICLES CONTRACT, SIGNAL IS BIGGER THAN P WAVE BECAUSE THE VENTRICLES ARE A LOT BIGGER

37
Q

WHAT HAPPENS AT THE T WAVE?

A

VENTRICLES REPOLARISE AS THEY RELAX AND RECOVER (DIASTOLE)

38
Q

WHAT IS THE PACEMAKER AND WHAT IS ITS FUNCTION?

A

SMALL CLUSTER OF CELLS THAT CONTROL THE BEATING OF THE HEART
IT PRODUCES AN ELECTRICAL IMPULSE WHICH CAUSES THE HEART MUSCLES TO CONTRACT

39
Q

WHAT IS ARRHYTHMIA?

A

ABNORMALITIES TO THE HEART’S RHYTHM. CAN BE FATAL

40
Q

WHAT IS TACHYCARDIA?

A

THE HEART BEATS TOO FAST

41
Q

WHAT IS BRADYCARDIA?

A

HEART BEATS TOO SLOW

42
Q

WHAT IS SINUS ARRHYTHMIA?

A

THE HEART RATE INCREASES WHEN YOU BREATHE IN AND IT DECREASES WHEN YOU BREATHE OUT

43
Q

WHAT IS VENTRICULAR FIBLARATION?

A

THE SIGNALS GOING TO THE VENTRICLES ARE VERY FAST AND CHAOTIC, CAUSES THEM TO QUIVER, CAN BE FATAL

44
Q

WHAT IS FLATLINE OR ASYSTOLE?

A

NO HEARTBEAT, LITTLE CHANCE OF SURVIVAL

45
Q

WHAT IS BLOOD TRANSFUSION?

A

IF YOU SUFFER TRAUMA YOU MAY LOSE A LOT OF BLOOD THERE ARE BLOOD DONORS TO HELP WITH THIS
YOU CAN ONLY RECIEVE THE BLOOD IF THE BLOOD TYPE IS THE SAME AS YOURS IF YOU GET GIVEN THE WRONG BLOOD IT COULD BE FATAL

46
Q

WHAT ARE THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEY?

A

THE KIDNEYS REMOVE WASTE AND TOXINS FROM THE BLOODSTREAM, WHICH IS THEN TRANSPORTED TO THE BLADDER AS URINE

47
Q

WHAT IS OSMOREGULATION?

A

THIS IS WHEN THE KIDNEYS CONTROL THE AMOUNT OF WATER IN THE BLOOD STREAM

48
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IF THERE IS NOT ENOUGH WATER IN THE BLOOD AND TOO MANY SALTS?

A

CELLS SHRIVEL

49
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IF THERE IS TOO MUCH WATER AND NOT ENOUGH SALTS IN THE BLOOD CELL?

A

CELLS MAY BURST

50
Q

WHAT DOES THE GLOMERULUS DO IN THE NEPHRONS?

A

FILTERS YOUR BLOOD
TAKES OUT ALL THE LITTLE STUFF AND MOST OF THE WATER

51
Q

WHAT HAPPENS AT THE TUBULE?

A

SUBSTANCES THAT YOUR BODY NEEDS ARE REABSORBED BY THE TUBULES

52
Q

WHAT DOES THE TUBULE DO IN THE NEPHRONS?

A

SMALL MOLECULES PASS THROUGH ITS THIN WALLS
THE GOOD STUFF GOES BACK INTO THE BLOODSTREAM AND THE BAD STUFF STAYS IN THE TUBULE WHICH IS LATER THEN TURNED INTO URINE

53
Q

WHAT IS ULTRAFILTRATION?

A

WHEN GOOD STUFF AND BAD STUFF AND MOST OF THE WATER IS FILTERED OUT
ONLY LARGE MOLECULES REMAIN IN THE BLOOD CELL

54
Q

WHAT ARE THE 2 TREATMENTS OF KIDNEY DISEASE?

A

1) DIALYSIS - FILTERING THE BLOOD OUTSIDE THE BODY THEN REPLACING IT
2)TRANSPLANT- REPLACING THE DAMAGED KIDNEY WITH A HEALTHY ONE FROM DONOR

UNIT 5 APPLIED SCIENCE (3 decks)

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