BIOLOGY Flashcards
WHAT IS THE HEART? AND WHAT DOES IT DO?
THE HEART IS A PUMP
-IT PUMPS BLOOD TO YOUR LUNGS
-IT PUMPS BLOOD TO THE REST OF THE BODY
FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE HEART IN ORDER
-BLOOD COMES IN THROUGH VENA CANVA
-THEN TO THE RIGHT ATRIUM
-THEN THROUGH THE TRICUSPID VALVE
-THEN TO THE RIGHT VENTRICLE
-THEN TO THE SEMILUNAR VALVE
-THEN GOES TO THE PULMONARY ARTERY THEN TO BOTH OF THE LUNGS
-FROM THE LUNGS THE BLOOD COMES INTO THE PULMONARY VEINS
-THEN TO THE LEFT ATRIUM
-THEN TO THE BICUSPID VALVE
-THEN TO THE LEFT VENTRICLE
-THEN THE BLOOD GOES THROUGH THE SEMILUNAR VALVE
-THEN GOES TO THE AORTA
WHAT HAPPENS AT THE SINOATRIAL NODE (SAN)?
The SAN produces the impulses that
make the heart beat (60 to 100 bpm)
The atria muscles contract
The signal reaches the AVN
There is a pause for about 0.2s
The signal then splits as it travels down
the heart through the Bundle of His
towards the ventricle muscles
-The Perkinje fires carry the signal to the muscle
WHAT IS CVD?
-CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS
WHAT IS CVD CAUSED BY?
-FATTY DEPOSITS IN THE ARTERIES (ATHEROSCLEROSIS)
-BRAIN,HEART,KIDNEY AND EYE DAMAGE
WHAT DO CORONARY ARTERIES DO?
SUPPLIES OXYGENATED RICH BLOOD TO YHE HEART MUSCLE
WHAT CAN HAPPEN IF THE CORONARY ARTIES ARE BLOCKED?
-CHEST PAIN (ANGINA)
-HEART ATTACKS WHEN THE SUPPLY OF BLOOD TO THE HEART MUSCLE IS SUDDENLY BLOCKED
WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS FOR CVD?
GENETICS- GENES YOU INHERIT COULD MAKE YOU MORE VULNERABLE TO DISEASES
AGE- THE OLDER YOU ARE, THE MORE AT RISK YOU ARE
GENDER- MEN ARE MOST LIKELY TO DEVELOP CVD FROM A YOUNG AGE
DIET- OVERWEIGHT PEOPLE ARE MORE AT RISK, THIS IS DUE TO A DIET HIGH IN SUGAR AND SATURATED FATS
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
SMOKING- FILLING YOUR BLOOD FULL OF TOXINS
INACTIVITY- LEADS TO HIGH BP
WHAT ARE THE TREATMENTS FOR CVD?
ANTIHYPERTENSIVES- DRUGS THAT TREAT HIGH BP
EG: DIURETICS, A DRUG THAT HELPS THE KIDNEYS REMOVE EXCESS SALT AND WATER FROM BLOOD. HOWEVER THIS DRUG CAN INCREASE RISK OF DIABETES
STATINS- HELPS TO LOWER THE LEVEL OF LDL (BAD CHOLESTEROL) IN THE BLOOD. HOWEVER, IT CAN HAVE UNPLEASANT SIDE EFFECTS OF WHEN COMBINED WITH OTHER MEDICATION FOR EXAMPLE MAY CAUSE MUSCLE DAMAGE AND HEADACHES
HOW DOES HEART TRANSPLANTATION WORK?
-THIS IS WHEN A DAMAGED OR FAILING HEART IS REPLACED WITH ONE FROM A DONOR WHO HAS DIED RECENTLY
-90% LIVE FOR ANOTHER YEAR, 50% LIVE FOR ANOTHER 10 YEARS
WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF HEART TRANSPLANTATION?
-THERE IS A SHORTAGE OF HEALTHY DONORS AND CONSENT IS NEEDED
-YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM WILL SEE THE HEART AS SOMETHING FOREIGN AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS WILL ATTACK IT
-TO OVERCOME THIS YOU WILL HAVE TO TAKE DRUGS TO SUPPRESS YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM FOR THE REST OF YOUR LIFE (IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS)
WHAT ARE BRONCHIOLES MADE OUT OF AND WHAT IS THERE FUNCTION?
-MADE FROM VERY STRONG CARTILAGE
-THEY CARRY THE AIR TO AND FROM YOUR LUNGS
WHERE ARE ALVEOLI FOUND?
-AT THE END OF THE BRONCHIOLES
-THERES ABOUT 300 MILLION OF THEM IN EACH LUNG
WHAT ARE THE LUNGS PROTECTED BY ?
RIBCAGE
WHAT ARE FOUND IN BETWEEN THE RIBS?
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
WHAT IS THE DIAPHRAGM AND WHAT DOES IT DO?
-DOME SHAPED MUSCLE THAT SEPARATES THE THORAX AND THE ABDOMEN
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF PLEURA THAT SEPARATE THE LUNGS FROM THE RIBCAGE?
1) PARIETAL PLUERA- CONNECTED TO THE RIBCAGE
2) VISCERAL PLUERA- BALLOON SURROUNDING THE LUNGS
WHAT IS FOUND IN BETWEEN THE PARIETAL PLUERA AND THE VISCERAL PLUERA?
CONTAINS A SMALL AMOUNT OF FLUID WHICH ALLOWS FOR EASY MOVEMENT AND INFLATION
WHAT HAPPENS DURING INSPIRATION (BREATHING IN)?
- THE MUSCLES OF THE DIAPHRAGM CONTRACT THIS CAUSES IT TO MOVE DOWNWARDS
-THE INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES CONTRACT THIS CAUSES THEM TO MOVE UP AND OUTWARDS
-VOLUME INSIDE LUNGS GET BIGGER
PRESSURE GOES LOWER
WHAT HAPPENS DURING EXPIRATION (BREATHING OUT)?
-THE DIAPHRAGM MOVES UP
-THE RIBCAGE MOVES IN AND DOWN
-SMALLER VOLUME
-HIGHER PRESSURE
HOW DOES GAS EXCHANGE TAKE PLACE IN THE LUNGS?
-OXYGEN GOES FROM THE AIR IN THE ALVEOLI AND THE OXYGEN DIFFUSES INTO THE CAPILLARIES
-THE OXYGEN IS CARRIED BY RED BLOOD CELLS INTO THE BLOODSTREAM
-CARBON DIOXIDE IS DIFFUSED INTO THE ALVEOLI