BIOLOGY Flashcards
WHAT IS THE HEART? AND WHAT DOES IT DO?
THE HEART IS A PUMP
-IT PUMPS BLOOD TO YOUR LUNGS
-IT PUMPS BLOOD TO THE REST OF THE BODY
FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE HEART IN ORDER
-BLOOD COMES IN THROUGH VENA CANVA
-THEN TO THE RIGHT ATRIUM
-THEN THROUGH THE TRICUSPID VALVE
-THEN TO THE RIGHT VENTRICLE
-THEN TO THE SEMILUNAR VALVE
-THEN GOES TO THE PULMONARY ARTERY THEN TO BOTH OF THE LUNGS
-FROM THE LUNGS THE BLOOD COMES INTO THE PULMONARY VEINS
-THEN TO THE LEFT ATRIUM
-THEN TO THE BICUSPID VALVE
-THEN TO THE LEFT VENTRICLE
-THEN THE BLOOD GOES THROUGH THE SEMILUNAR VALVE
-THEN GOES TO THE AORTA
WHAT HAPPENS AT THE SINOATRIAL NODE (SAN)?
The SAN produces the impulses that
make the heart beat (60 to 100 bpm)
The atria muscles contract
The signal reaches the AVN
There is a pause for about 0.2s
The signal then splits as it travels down
the heart through the Bundle of His
towards the ventricle muscles
-The Perkinje fires carry the signal to the muscle
WHAT IS CVD?
-CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS
WHAT IS CVD CAUSED BY?
-FATTY DEPOSITS IN THE ARTERIES (ATHEROSCLEROSIS)
-BRAIN,HEART,KIDNEY AND EYE DAMAGE
WHAT DO CORONARY ARTERIES DO?
SUPPLIES OXYGENATED RICH BLOOD TO YHE HEART MUSCLE
WHAT CAN HAPPEN IF THE CORONARY ARTIES ARE BLOCKED?
-CHEST PAIN (ANGINA)
-HEART ATTACKS WHEN THE SUPPLY OF BLOOD TO THE HEART MUSCLE IS SUDDENLY BLOCKED
WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS FOR CVD?
GENETICS- GENES YOU INHERIT COULD MAKE YOU MORE VULNERABLE TO DISEASES
AGE- THE OLDER YOU ARE, THE MORE AT RISK YOU ARE
GENDER- MEN ARE MOST LIKELY TO DEVELOP CVD FROM A YOUNG AGE
DIET- OVERWEIGHT PEOPLE ARE MORE AT RISK, THIS IS DUE TO A DIET HIGH IN SUGAR AND SATURATED FATS
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
SMOKING- FILLING YOUR BLOOD FULL OF TOXINS
INACTIVITY- LEADS TO HIGH BP
WHAT ARE THE TREATMENTS FOR CVD?
ANTIHYPERTENSIVES- DRUGS THAT TREAT HIGH BP
EG: DIURETICS, A DRUG THAT HELPS THE KIDNEYS REMOVE EXCESS SALT AND WATER FROM BLOOD. HOWEVER THIS DRUG CAN INCREASE RISK OF DIABETES
STATINS- HELPS TO LOWER THE LEVEL OF LDL (BAD CHOLESTEROL) IN THE BLOOD. HOWEVER, IT CAN HAVE UNPLEASANT SIDE EFFECTS OF WHEN COMBINED WITH OTHER MEDICATION FOR EXAMPLE MAY CAUSE MUSCLE DAMAGE AND HEADACHES
HOW DOES HEART TRANSPLANTATION WORK?
-THIS IS WHEN A DAMAGED OR FAILING HEART IS REPLACED WITH ONE FROM A DONOR WHO HAS DIED RECENTLY
-90% LIVE FOR ANOTHER YEAR, 50% LIVE FOR ANOTHER 10 YEARS
WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF HEART TRANSPLANTATION?
-THERE IS A SHORTAGE OF HEALTHY DONORS AND CONSENT IS NEEDED
-YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM WILL SEE THE HEART AS SOMETHING FOREIGN AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS WILL ATTACK IT
-TO OVERCOME THIS YOU WILL HAVE TO TAKE DRUGS TO SUPPRESS YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM FOR THE REST OF YOUR LIFE (IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS)
WHAT ARE BRONCHIOLES MADE OUT OF AND WHAT IS THERE FUNCTION?
-MADE FROM VERY STRONG CARTILAGE
-THEY CARRY THE AIR TO AND FROM YOUR LUNGS
WHERE ARE ALVEOLI FOUND?
-AT THE END OF THE BRONCHIOLES
-THERES ABOUT 300 MILLION OF THEM IN EACH LUNG
WHAT ARE THE LUNGS PROTECTED BY ?
RIBCAGE
WHAT ARE FOUND IN BETWEEN THE RIBS?
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
WHAT IS THE DIAPHRAGM AND WHAT DOES IT DO?
-DOME SHAPED MUSCLE THAT SEPARATES THE THORAX AND THE ABDOMEN
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF PLEURA THAT SEPARATE THE LUNGS FROM THE RIBCAGE?
1) PARIETAL PLUERA- CONNECTED TO THE RIBCAGE
2) VISCERAL PLUERA- BALLOON SURROUNDING THE LUNGS
WHAT IS FOUND IN BETWEEN THE PARIETAL PLUERA AND THE VISCERAL PLUERA?
CONTAINS A SMALL AMOUNT OF FLUID WHICH ALLOWS FOR EASY MOVEMENT AND INFLATION
WHAT HAPPENS DURING INSPIRATION (BREATHING IN)?
- THE MUSCLES OF THE DIAPHRAGM CONTRACT THIS CAUSES IT TO MOVE DOWNWARDS
-THE INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES CONTRACT THIS CAUSES THEM TO MOVE UP AND OUTWARDS
-VOLUME INSIDE LUNGS GET BIGGER
PRESSURE GOES LOWER
WHAT HAPPENS DURING EXPIRATION (BREATHING OUT)?
-THE DIAPHRAGM MOVES UP
-THE RIBCAGE MOVES IN AND DOWN
-SMALLER VOLUME
-HIGHER PRESSURE
HOW DOES GAS EXCHANGE TAKE PLACE IN THE LUNGS?
-OXYGEN GOES FROM THE AIR IN THE ALVEOLI AND THE OXYGEN DIFFUSES INTO THE CAPILLARIES
-THE OXYGEN IS CARRIED BY RED BLOOD CELLS INTO THE BLOODSTREAM
-CARBON DIOXIDE IS DIFFUSED INTO THE ALVEOLI
WHAT IS THE PIGMENT CALLED ON RED BLOOD CELLS
HAEMOGLOBIN, THIS CHANGES TO OXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN WHEN OXYGEN MOLECULES TAG ONTO IT
WHERE IS CARBON DIOXIDE FOUND IN THE BODY?
THE PLASMA OF THE BLOOD
WHY IS DIFFUSION PROMOTED IN GAS EXHANGE?
-CAPILLARY WALLS ARE VERY THIN
-SMALL GAP BETWEEN ALVOLAR WALLS AND CAPILLARY NETWORK
-LARGE SURFACE AREA OF ALVEOLI
WHAT IS THE TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY?
VITAL CAPACITY+RESIDUAL VOLUME
WHAT IS SPIROMETRY?
MEASURES THE VOLUME OF AIR THAT YOU BREATHE OUT USING A SPIROMETER
WHAT IS SPIROMETRY USED FOR?
DIAGNOSING DISEASE
WHAT TAKES PLACE DURING SPIROMETRY?
-THE PATIENT TAKES A DEEP BREATHE THEN IS ASKED TO BREATHE OUT QUICKLY AND FORCEFULLY INTO THE DEVICE UNTIL THEY CANT BREATHE OUT ANYMORE
-THIS IS REPEATED 3 TIMES SO AN AVERAGE CAN BE WORKED OUT
WHAT ARE THE TWO IMPORTANT MEASUREMENTS NURSES CAN LEARN FROM DURING SPIROMETRY?
1) PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW (PEV)- THIS IS THE VOLUME OF AIR EXPELLED FROM THE LUNGS IN ONE QUICK EXHALATION
IT WILL VARY DEPENDING ON AGE,SEX AND HEIGHT
IT WILL GIVE A LOT OF INFORMATION ABOUT MEDICAL CONDITIONS SUCH AS ASTHMA
THE AMOUNT OF AIR YOU CAN EXPELL TELLS US HOW STRONG THE MUSCLES ARE
2) FORCED VITAL CAPACITY (FVC)- THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF AIR YOU CAN FORCIBLY EXHALE FROM YOUR LUNGS AFTER FULLY INHALING
WHAT IS THE SEPTUM?
THE DIVIDING WALL BETWEEN THE LEFT AND RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART
WHAT ARE MYOGENIC MUSCLES?
THESE MUSCLES ARE MADE TO CONTRACT DUE TO SIGNALS FROM THE HEART AND NOT THE BRAIN
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF VALVES AND WHAT ARE THEY MADE OF?
THEY ALLOW BLOOD TO FLOW ONLY ONE WAY
MADE FROM STRONG THIN FLAPS OR CUSPS
WHY DO VEINS HAVE VALVES?
TO PREVENT BLOOD FLOWING BACKWARDS IF PRESSURE IS TOO LOW
WHAT HAPPENS DURING ECG TO THE PATIENT?
ELECTRODES ARE PLACED ON THE BODY WHICH DETECT ELECTRICAL IMPULSES
A MACHINE AMPLIFIES, RECORDS AND DISPLAYS THEM
WHAT HAPPENS ON THE P WAVE ON THE ECG?
ATRIA CONTRACTS
WHAT HAPPENS AT THE QRS COMPLEX ON THE ECG?
VENTRICLES CONTRACT, SIGNAL IS BIGGER THAN P WAVE BECAUSE THE VENTRICLES ARE A LOT BIGGER
WHAT HAPPENS AT THE T WAVE?
VENTRICLES REPOLARISE AS THEY RELAX AND RECOVER (DIASTOLE)
WHAT IS THE PACEMAKER AND WHAT IS ITS FUNCTION?
SMALL CLUSTER OF CELLS THAT CONTROL THE BEATING OF THE HEART
IT PRODUCES AN ELECTRICAL IMPULSE WHICH CAUSES THE HEART MUSCLES TO CONTRACT
WHAT IS ARRHYTHMIA?
ABNORMALITIES TO THE HEART’S RHYTHM. CAN BE FATAL
WHAT IS TACHYCARDIA?
THE HEART BEATS TOO FAST
WHAT IS BRADYCARDIA?
HEART BEATS TOO SLOW
WHAT IS SINUS ARRHYTHMIA?
THE HEART RATE INCREASES WHEN YOU BREATHE IN AND IT DECREASES WHEN YOU BREATHE OUT
WHAT IS VENTRICULAR FIBLARATION?
THE SIGNALS GOING TO THE VENTRICLES ARE VERY FAST AND CHAOTIC, CAUSES THEM TO QUIVER, CAN BE FATAL
WHAT IS FLATLINE OR ASYSTOLE?
NO HEARTBEAT, LITTLE CHANCE OF SURVIVAL
WHAT IS BLOOD TRANSFUSION?
IF YOU SUFFER TRAUMA YOU MAY LOSE A LOT OF BLOOD THERE ARE BLOOD DONORS TO HELP WITH THIS
YOU CAN ONLY RECIEVE THE BLOOD IF THE BLOOD TYPE IS THE SAME AS YOURS IF YOU GET GIVEN THE WRONG BLOOD IT COULD BE FATAL
WHAT ARE THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEY?
THE KIDNEYS REMOVE WASTE AND TOXINS FROM THE BLOODSTREAM, WHICH IS THEN TRANSPORTED TO THE BLADDER AS URINE
WHAT IS OSMOREGULATION?
THIS IS WHEN THE KIDNEYS CONTROL THE AMOUNT OF WATER IN THE BLOOD STREAM
WHAT HAPPENS IF THERE IS NOT ENOUGH WATER IN THE BLOOD AND TOO MANY SALTS?
CELLS SHRIVEL
WHAT HAPPENS IF THERE IS TOO MUCH WATER AND NOT ENOUGH SALTS IN THE BLOOD CELL?
CELLS MAY BURST
WHAT DOES THE GLOMERULUS DO IN THE NEPHRONS?
FILTERS YOUR BLOOD
TAKES OUT ALL THE LITTLE STUFF AND MOST OF THE WATER
WHAT HAPPENS AT THE TUBULE?
SUBSTANCES THAT YOUR BODY NEEDS ARE REABSORBED BY THE TUBULES
WHAT DOES THE TUBULE DO IN THE NEPHRONS?
SMALL MOLECULES PASS THROUGH ITS THIN WALLS
THE GOOD STUFF GOES BACK INTO THE BLOODSTREAM AND THE BAD STUFF STAYS IN THE TUBULE WHICH IS LATER THEN TURNED INTO URINE
WHAT IS ULTRAFILTRATION?
WHEN GOOD STUFF AND BAD STUFF AND MOST OF THE WATER IS FILTERED OUT
ONLY LARGE MOLECULES REMAIN IN THE BLOOD CELL
WHAT ARE THE 2 TREATMENTS OF KIDNEY DISEASE?
1) DIALYSIS - FILTERING THE BLOOD OUTSIDE THE BODY THEN REPLACING IT
2)TRANSPLANT- REPLACING THE DAMAGED KIDNEY WITH A HEALTHY ONE FROM DONOR
