biology

Question 1

point mutations

Answer 1

silent, missense, nonsense

Question 2

frameshift mutations,

Answer 2

insertion or deletion of nucleotides, shifts reading frame

Question 3

chromosomal mutations

Answer 3

deletion, duplication, inversion, insertion, translocation

Question 4

silent mutation

Answer 4

codes for same aa, no effect, often on 3rd (wobble codon)

Question 5

missense mutation

Answer 5

different aa

Question 6

nonsense mutation

Answer 6

results in stop codon

Question 7

deletion mutation

Answer 7

lose segment of chromosome

Question 8

duplication mutation

Answer 8

multiple copies of segment in a chromosome

Question 9

inversion mutation

Answer 9

reverse segment of DNA

Question 10

insertion mutation

Answer 10

segment from one chromosome moved and added to a different chromosome

Question 11

translocation mutation

Answer 11

segments from two chroms swap places

Question 12

DNA structure in interphase

Answer 12

not visible, loose chromatin

Question 13

G1

Answer 13

create organelles, increase size, restriction point before S

Question 14

S

Answer 14

replicate DNA, chromatids bound at centromere, have twice as much DNA (double the chromatids = 92) but the same ploidy (46 chromosomes but now in chromatid pairs)

Question 15

G2

Answer 15

quality control for DNA replication and enough organelles and cytoplasm for two cells

Question 16

M stage

Answer 16

mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 17

restriction point in the cell cycle

Answer 17

between G1 and S, check if DNA is good for synthesis, controlled by p53 protein

Question 18

cyclins and CDKs

Answer 18

cyclins activate cyclin dependent kinases which control the cell cycle via phosphorylating transciption factors

Question 19

common cancer mutation

Answer 19

TP53, affects p53 gene = protein for cell cycle control

Question 20

prophase

Answer 20

chromatin to chromosomes, centriole pairs to poles, spindle fibers form, nuclear membrane disappears, kinetochores form

Question 21

centrosome vs centriole vs centromere

Answer 21

centrosome = region outside the nucleus, the location of a pair of centrioles. centrioles = made of fused tubulin microtubules, help move and correctly divide DNA, where the formation of spindle fibers (made of microtubules) begins. centromere = middle of chromosome, holds chromatids together

Question 22

what are the two microtubule organizing centers of the cell

Answer 22

the centrosome (contains a pair of centrioles) and the basal body of a flagellum or cillium

Question 23

asters

Answer 23

anchor centrioles to cell membrane during prophase of mitosis

Question 24

kinetochores

Answer 24

appear at the centrosome in prophase, protein structures on the centromeres where spindle fibers (kinetochore fibers) attach

Question 25

metaphase

Answer 25

chromosomes line up on metaphase/equatorial plate, spindle fibers have connected to kinetochores

Question 26

anaphase

Answer 26

centromeres split, sister chromatids pulled apart

Question 27

telophase

Answer 27

spindle apparatus disappears, nuclear membrane forms, nucleoli reappear, chromosomes back to chromatin