Biology Flashcards
___ are extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the center of the skeletal and cardiac muscle. It carry the action potential into the interior of the cell
T-tubules (transverse tubules)
the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber. highly organized arrangement of the contractile myofilaments actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament), along with other support proteins.
sarcomere
an intracellular junction that anchors the ends of cardiac muscle fibers together so the cells do not pull apart during the stress of individual fibers contracting
desmosome
are channels for communication between adjacent cells. It allow exchange of ions and small molecules
gap junctions
Contractile structure of striated muscle. Are composed of repeating contractile units known as sarcomeres
myofibrils
Contractile structure of striated muscle. Are composed of repeating contractile units known as sarcomeres
myofibrils
they have an amino acid sequence that is programmed by a unit of inheritance known as gene; thus, they can store and transmit hereditary information
nucleic acids
they include polymers, generally with the molecular formulas of the unit CH₂O, thus they can serve as fuel and building material
carbohydrates
they have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions; thus, they can serve as structures for support, storage, transport, and cellular signaling, and defense against foreign substances
protein
they are assembled from smaller molecules such as glycerol by dehydration reactions, thus, they can store large amounts of energy
lipids
Also called migration. It is any movement of individuals, and/or the genetic material they carry, from one population to another.
gene flow
the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance
genetic drift
Occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene
mutation
form of passive transport: Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to lower concentration
diffusion
form of passive transport when water molecules move from low solute concentration (high water concentration) to high solute or low water concentration across a membrane that is not permeable to the solute
osmosis
product/s of light-dependent reaction
ATP, NADPH, O2
products of light-independent reaction (Calvin Cycle)
NADP+, ADP, G3P (Two G3P can be made into C6H12O6 → glucose)
DNA: naked, circular, usually no introns
prokaryote or eukaryote
prokaryote
DNA: bound to protein, linear, double helix, usually has introns
prokaryote or eukaryote
eukaryote
organelles: no nucleus, no true membrane-bound nucleus, 70s ribosomes
prokaryote or eukaryote
prokaryote
organelles: has a nucleus, has true membrane-bound nucleus, 80s ribosomes
prokaryote or eukaryote
eukaryote
~1-5 um
prokaryote or eukaryote
prokaryote
~10-100 um
prokaryote or eukaryote
eukaryote
metabolic pathway: Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. Energy is released
catabolic
metabolic pathway: Small molecules are built into large molecules. It requires energy
anabolic
endergonic or exergonic
free energy is released
exergonic
endergonic or exergonic
downhill reaction (more energy in reactants than product)
exergonic
endergonic or exergonic
free energy is absorbed
endergonic
endergonic or exergonic
uphill reaction (products contain higher energy than the reactant)
endergonic
endergonic or exergonic
the reaction is non-spontaneous and unfavorable
endergonic
endergonic or exergonic
the reaction is spontaneous and favorable
exergonic
cell cycle:
DNA polymerase is at its highest at ____
S phase
cell cycle:
they regulate the activation of several genes whose products are required for DNA synthesis.
E2Fs
cell cycle:
a critical tumor suppressor gene that blocks cell cycle progression by inhibiting E2F transcription factors when unphosphorylated.
this inhibits the cell from entering to ____ phase
Rb (retinoblastoma protein); S phase
what are needed for light-dependent reaction to take place?
sunlight, NADP+. ADH, H2O
what are needed for light-independent reaction (Calvin cycle) to take place?
ATP, NADPH, CO2
mechanism of evolution: individuals with certain traits will survive and reproduce more than individuals who lack traits that fit into their living environment
natural selection
mechanism of evolution: the process by which humans choose individual organisms with certain phenotypic trait values for breeding
artificial selection
any of the proteins that mediate the transport of various molecules across biological membranes
permease
an enzyme which can connect two strands of DNA together by forming a bond between the phosphate group of one strand and the deoxyribose group on another
DNA ligase
enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain.
Endonuclease
an enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its tRNA
tRNA synthetase
is characterized by the presence of F or fertility factor. It is also called the sex factor as it helps in the transfer of genetic materials from one bacterium to another through conjugation
F Plasmid
just any plasmid containing an antibiotic Resistance gene.
R plasmid
A bacteriophage that displays lysogenic life cycle
Temperate phage
A bacteriophage, that infects the bacterial species Escherichia coli
Lambda phage
