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Biology 120 Exam 3 > Biology 120 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Biology 120 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Natural Selection

A
  1. individual variation

2. Struggle for existence

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2
Q

3 Modes of Selections

A
  1. Directional Selection
  2. Stabilizing Selection
  3. Disruptive Selection
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3
Q

Directional Selection

A
  • Select against one extreme in favor of the other
  • move average towards trait being selected for.
    ex: a pepper moth (dark and light
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4
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A
  • Selecting against extreme favors in favor of the average trait.
  • loose extremes— tall, narrow, curve at average trait.
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5
Q

Disruptive Selection

A
  • Select against average trait

- make extremes more common

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6
Q

Natural Selection

A
  • Struggle for existence
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7
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Struggle to obtain mates

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8
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

2 forms

Boys and girls have different forms

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9
Q

Female Choice

A

-Larger energy investment
- eggs are expensive
- Choosey about mate
Boys
- small energy investment
-sperm are cheap
-males are NOT choosey about who they mate with.

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10
Q

Male- Male Competition

A

-Males compete with each other for the attention of females

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11
Q

Macroevolution

A
  • Speciation

- Major evolutionary change

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12
Q

Biological Species Concept

A
  • Interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring.
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13
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

Where different species may live in same area, but cannot interbreed.

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14
Q

Pre- Zygotic Barriers

A

Prevents interbreeding prior to fertilization

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15
Q

Post- Zygotic Barriers

A

Barrier that helps reproductive isolation after fertilization.

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16
Q

Pre- Zygotic Barriers-

Habitat Isolation

A

ex. Terrestrial Garter Snake

Aquatic Garter Snake

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17
Q

Pre-Zygotic Barrier

Behavioral Isolation

A

Ex. Bird songs

Lightning Bugs

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18
Q

Pre-Zygotic Barrier
Temporal Isolation
(Time)

A

-Breed at different times of the year
Ex.- western spotted skunk- late summer
eastern spotted skunk- late winter

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19
Q

Pre-Zygotic Barrier

Mechanical Isolation

A

-Reproductive organs are not compatible.
Ex. Dragon Flies
lock and key genitalia

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20
Q

Pre-Zygotic Barrier

Gametic Isolation

A

-Proteins on surface of the sperm that have to match proteins on the surface of the eggs.

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21
Q

Viability

A

Health

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22
Q

Post-Zygotic Barrier

Reduced Hybrid Viability

A
  • Offspring is NOT healthy

- die before birth or shortly after birth

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23
Q

Post-Zygotic Barrier

Reduced Hybrid Fertility

A
  • hybrid is viable but NOT fertile

ex. mule

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24
Q

Post-Zygotic Barrier

Hybrid Breakdown

A
  • 1st generation hybrids are fertile and viable

- 2nd generation are NOT viable

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25
Problems with Biological Concept
- asexual - fossils - too rigid
26
Morpho Species Concept
Groups together individuals that look alike (same form).
27
Ecological Species Concept
Group together individual with similar niches
28
Phylogenetic Species Concept
Define species based on evolutionary lineage.
29
Cladogram
Based on DNA sequences
30
Speciation
Process in which new species arise.
31
Allopatric Speciation
- Geographic barriers divides population ex. river, glacier, mts - populations diverge (change) - when back together they are different species
32
Sympatric Speciation
-ranges overlap---live in same place -barrier to gene flow ex. apple maggot flies originally lived on haw thrones and some moved to apples.
33
Allopatric
-ranges do NOT overlap
34
Sympatric
-ranges overlap
35
Virus
- intracellular parasite - not alive (not living) - can cause disease
36
Why are viruses not alive?
- not cells - cannot copy themselves - cannot make ATP - they evolve
37
Epidemic
Disease effects a lot of people at same time.
38
Virulent
How much damage is caused.
39
Non-enveloped virus
- capsid (protein shell) | - DNA (RNA) inside capsid
40
Enveloped Virus
-plasma membrane (envelope) | surrounding capsid
41
Bacteria
- Prokaryotic cells | - archaea---- extreme bacteria
42
Shapes of Bacteria
- Cocci - Bacilli - Spirilla
43
Cocci (Coccus)
Sphere
44
Bacilli (Bacillus)
Rods
45
Spirilla (Spirillus)
Corkscrew
46
Gram- Stain
Sticks to cell- turns purple- gram positive | does not stick to cell- doesn't turn purple- gram negative
47
Gram Positive Bacteria
- thick cell wall | - a lot of peptidogylcan
48
Gram Negative Bacteria
- thin cell wall - less pepitdoglycan - 2nd plasma membrane surrounding the layer of peptidoglycan.
49
Environmental conditions deteriorate
Produce----> endospere----> resting stage
50
What can affect bacteria growth?
- temperature - salt - pH - nutrient
51
Phototrophs
getting energy from lights | ex: plants, algae, cyanobacteria
52
Chemotrophs
energy from chemicals in their environment
53
Autotrophs
get carbon from Co2 (carbon dioxide)
54
Heterotrophs
get C from organic molecules
55
Photoautotroph
energy from light, C from Co2 | ex. plants, algae, cyanobacteria
56
Chemoautotroph
energy from chemicals C from Co2 ex. unique to prokaryotes
57
Photohetertroph
energy from light, carbon from organic molecules
58
Chemohetertroph
energy from chemicals, Carbon from organic molecules | ex. animals, Fungi, Protists, prokaryotes, plants
59
Archaea (Extreme bacteria)
Methanogens Extreme Halophiles Extreme Thermophiles
60
Methanogens
``` -oxygen free environments where they live: -swamps -sewage treatment plants -gut out of livestock (cows) ```
61
Extreme Halophiles
- salt loving | - up to 10 minutes saltier then ocean H20
62
Extreme Thermophiles
Heat Loving | -love heat
63
Protist
- collection of organisms from many different kingdoms - unicellular, colonial, or multicellular - Photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs (mixotrophs) - many tied to moist environments
64
3 groups of protist
- Ingestive Protist (animal like) - Absorptive (fungus-like) - Photosynthetic Protist (Plant like)
65
Animal like protist
- crawl using pseudopodia - amoeba spp. - testate amoebas
66
Swim like Flagella
- long whip structures - euglena spp. - photosynthetic - Giardia spp. - Trichomonas Vaginalis
67
Swimming using cilia
- shorter, and move numerous then flagella | - Daramecium spp.
68
Fungi-Like protist
- slime molds- way cool! - water molds- decomposition in aquatic - rust and downy mildews- plant pathogen
69
Plant- like Protist
- Dinoflagellates - reddish to brown in color - red tides--->toxic----> increasing due to pollution - bioluminescent
70
Diatoms
- test out of silica - diatomaceous earth - lots of species
71
Algae
- seaweeds | - multicellular
72
Rhodophyta
-red algae -red pigment is good in low light enviroment Shallow water- appear green Intermediate- red Deep water- blackish
73
Algae
-Thickens/reduce the size ice crystals -carrageen red algae called irish moss -Alginate brown algae calling kelp
74
Phaeophyta
- brown algae - kelp - Agar for growing bacteria
75
Chloraphyta
- Green algae | - closet living relatives to plants
76
Mitosis
clones
77
Meiosis
reduction division (cut # of chromosomes in half)
78
Alternation of Generations
- Alternate between multicellular diploid stage called Sporophyte. - multicellular haploid stage called gametophyte

Biology 120 Exam 3 (1 decks)

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